Debate of standard living condition in Britain during the industrial revolution

Introduction The debate on the impacts of early industrialization and capitalism on the British working class’s standards of living has been going on for an unusually long time.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Debate of standard living condition in Britain during the industrial revolution specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Historians do not seem to agree whether in exchange for long working hours, in the factories, British workers living standards improved or worsened with some saying that gains were realized in real wages, improved life expectancy and better living conditions in the cities. What the historians find difficult to connect is the economic development realized during this period to improved living conditions for the common people. Economic and social historians have brought to focus issues that have elicited vigorous debate and calls for a complete understanding of economic and philosophica l concepts and greater originality in search of new information on the issues. Historians have used different approaches to determine the impacts of the industrial revolution on the living standards of common people. They have used qualitative evidence and quantitative series including economic, demographic, and anthropometric indicators which have been studied at the local, regional and national levels. Some have given attention to the material aspects of well being while others have studied and attached more significance to the quality of life. This as expected has yielded different verdicts, which have left the debate still raging, with no sign of consensus (Allen 21). Body Charles Feinstein is one such historian who has recently attempted to solve the riddle of impacts of the industrial revolution on the lives of British commoners and compiled his findings in the Journal of Economic History. He compiled the estimates of wages and the costs of living during and after the industri al revolution in order to get a fresh picture of the trends in real earnings during this time. In his study, Heinstein used a new index of average annual earnings created for a larger project on economic growth during this period covering all workers, both male and female, on the period between 1770 to 1880. Most of these estimates are extracted from well known compiled information series by writers most especially A. L. Bowley and G. H. Wood who had relatively secure foundations. At the first phase, (Feinstein 628) constructed a separate estimates of the male and female in Great Britain at decennial periods from 1771 to 1881. The totals were then classified by sectors or occupations and then classified into three categories of income earners: employers, self employed, salaried people and manual wage earners.Advertising Looking for term paper on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This were used to calculate the element f or weighing component wage series. Next, the author needed the absolute value of mean annual earnings in each sector per year which was taken from 1881 estimates from an earlier study. Annual estimates of the movement of earnings for more than 20 different industries representing 80% of all wage earners in the country in 1851 were compiled. Existing indices from Bowley and Wood studies were extended to 1770 and additional ones compiled for other sectors. These were compiled to calculate weekly earnings with an assumption of full employment. Then the annual index of nominal full-employment earnings for all wage earners was compiled and showed the changes in full-employment nominal wages for each sector and groups of workers and the movements between them. Feinstein, (635) constructed a new cost-of-living index to measure the changes in the prices of 12 kinds of foods together with prices for beer, coal, candles, clothing, footwear and rent. This new index used different expenditure s hares, and different base years to weight it. It also has improved price indicators for food, clothing, and rent which started a decade earlier in 1770. This index is again compared and contrasted with LW index, which is different from Feinstain’s in that they both use different procedures for weighing the indices and in expenditure shares from where the weights are obtained. (Feinstein 636) index also includes potatoes and oatmeal among other items, which are not included in the LW index which slow down the pace of decline in prices. In deriving the trend in real wages for manual workers in Great Britain, Feinstein, (640) brings together indices of full employment nominal earnings and the cost of living index. From the resulting graph, moderate rate of improvement in full-employment real earnings is shown. From this graph, the period of between 1780s and the end of Napoleonic Wars saw no increase in average real earnings and the nominal earnings were at par with the cost of living. From 1815 to late 1850s there was slow improvement in both the indices, but after this period, the average worker started to experience substantial and sustained increase in real wages. Feinstein concludes that there was a less than 30% of increase in real weekly earnings all factors considered for the 75 year period of the industrial revolution in Great Britain. Lindert and Williamson, (5) in their article further discusses this debate. They use nominal full-time wage series and the use of the living index to calculate the wage trends of the average, Great britain workers. They argue that real wages experienced a period of stagnation between 1770 to 1820.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Debate of standard living condition in Britain during the industrial revolution specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More During the period between 1820 and 1850, they continue to say that real wages nearly doubled which pro duced a large estimates of increase than any previous pessimistic studies. The authors also outline other more optimistic views of the standards of living for the workers between the period of 1780 and 1850, for example, discounting the claims that unemployment rates at the 1840s led to deteriorating standards of living for the working class. They argue that unemployment rates during this period that is commonly known as the ‘hungry forties’ was probably less than 9.4% in most difficult two years of the decade. On the employment of women and children, the claim that though they lack wide-ranging data on them, available evidence show that their wages were roughly in the same range with those of unskilled labouring men which they competed against as substitutes. They also attribute some of the increase in earnings for workers may be as a result of migration from the countryside to towns and from slow growing regions to faster growing regions. Their calculations of contrib ution of migration factors to increase in earnings showed a less than 3.6% was realised between the period of 1781 and 1851. The pessimists had argued that the industrial revolution led to a decline in life expectancy in the first half of the 19th century especially in cities where most of the industries were located. The authors agree with these claims, but say this could be true in Manchester and Liverpool and other industrial centres, but these are offset or more than offset by gains in life lengthening, in other cities and countryside. The pessimists had also claimed that quality of life of workers was ruined during this period by long, tedious working hours in the factories, changes in the traditional family roles, environmental pollution such as noise, filth, crime and crowding of urban slums. The authors contend that they could not find a measure to weigh the negative effects of industrialisation against the substantial gains in real wages they propagated. They, however, say that unskilled metal and cotton workers in the industrial center Manchester, earned an average of 41.4 pounds per week while a common labourer in agricultural East Anglia, a â€Å"healthy† place, earned an estimated 25.1 pounds a week. Also, they say that despite the claim that despite the higher costs of living in industrial centers, and the low quality of life therecompared to the agricultural regions, workers still continued to migrate to the growing cities. They conclude by saying that remarkable gains in standards of living were realized by the workers between 1781 and 1851.Advertising Looking for term paper on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More When factors such as occupational change, regional migration, a fairly small increase in unemployment, move to higher costs of living in industrial cities and industrial disamenities are taken into consideration there were substantial gains in living standards during the period. They say that this gains were 60% for farm labourers, over 80% for manual workers and more than 140% for all workers with the majority of them coming after 1820 (Allen 48). Economist Crafts, (141) has also contributed to the debate on the living standards of Britain’s working class during the industrial revolution. He estimates that British income per person based on the 1970 U. S. dollars increased from $400 in 1760 to 430 in 1800 and then rose to $500 in 1830 then a mega increase by $300 was experienced by1860. This followed centuries of rising and falling income levels. Slow growth according to Craft was reported between 1760 to 1830 after which the income levels rose substantially up to 1860 doubl ing the increase of real income per person during the period between 1760 and 1860. If this did not result to the lowest-income group of people being better off after the growth, then the share of income going to the lowest 65% of the population would have to had to fall by half which did not happen according to (Crafts 140). He says that 29% of the country’s total income went to the lowest 65% of the population in 1760 and in 1860 this share of percentage of the total income was at 25% meaning the lowest 65% of the population was relatively better off. The increase in average real income for the country for this group during this period was approximately 70%. Considering the increase in estimates for the real income, a mildly optimistic view is justified for the living standards of the working class for the century after 1760 according to (Crafts 143). His pessimist critics though cite the slow growth in a long time as a pessimistic conclusion. They give an example of the ea rly years of industrialization in the country between 1760 to 1830, and what it meant to the working class, did it make them worse off during this period. The growth of 0.3% annual y on real income per person is likely to have resulted into deteriorating conditions for workers. Craft, however, continues to say that real wage figures are for real wage rates not earnings. During the period around 1820, historians should remember that unemployment was especially high due to factors such as demobilization, agricultural dislocation and unpredicted drops in price levels, which according to Lindert and Williamson, (13) study rendered approximately 10% of the labor force out of work. Other years such as 1780 saw unprecedented high employment levels which together with the high unemployment years are enough to reduce the calculated rates of growth in real earnings to around 0.55 % per year for the period of 1780 to 1820, when the real increase had been 0.80% annually. These figures are consi stent with consumption. In the period between 1820 and 1850, wages were shares of national income and as an allocate of consumption in national output were relatively consistent. Crafts, (139) says that this meant real wages growth was rather similar to consumption growth. It is during the 1851 period that the economy gained a â€Å"normal† level of unemployment. If the real wage growth was added to this, then an estimate of about 1.2% annually that is close to the rate of consumption a real wage increase would have been realized. The comparison of national output growth and real wages growth Crafts, (142) say supports (Lindert and Williamson 18) procedure is that results in overestimates, in real wage growth, for the years between 1820 and 1850. In conclusion, (Crafts 144) say that the argument that overall wage growth was significantly less than the national output per head propagated by the pessimists is not the case. The slow growth of consumption by workers during the ea rly industrialization era was as a result of slow growth and not as a result of prolonged interval of stagnation in real wages behind the national output. Conclusion The period between 1760 and 1860 marked a transformation of England into a workshop of the world. There was technological progress, education and rising capital stock marked this period refered to as the Industrial revolution which historians say is the most critical period in history. However, historians do not seem to agree on whether this revolution resulted into improved standards of living for the British working class. Some argue that the conditions for these workers got worse due to things such as prolonged working hours and environmental pollution among others. Others, however, say that gains realized such increased real wages and improved life expectancy among others led to improved standards of living. Charles Feinstein is a representation of the pessimist writer who compiled the estimates for this period. Fur ther, he drew a new index of average annual earnings of the period using earlier information especially from A. L. Bowley and G. H. Wood. He concludes that there was a less than 30% of increase in real weekly earnings all factors considered for the 75 year period of the industrial revolution in Great Britain. Lindert and Williamson use nominal full-time wage series and the use of the living index to calculate the wage trends of the average, Great Britain workers. They represent optimists as their conclusions are that all factors put into consideration, there was a substantial increase in gains, in standards of living after 1820. Crafts are another optimist who suggests that significant gains were made in living standards putting in mind the substantial increase in real wage rates in the lowest 65% of the income who by 1860 had a share of 25% of the total national income. Economic historians are expanding the debate to look at the effects of the industrial revolution which could have had negative or positive impacts on the living standards of the people thereby offsetting the gains made. Works Cited Allen, Robert. Pessimism Preserved: Real Wages in the British Industrial Revolution. UK: Oxford University, 2007. Print. Crafts, N. F. R. English workers’ real wages during the industrial revolution: some remaining problems. The journal of economic history, 5.2 (1985), pp.139-144. Print. Feinstein, Charles. Pessimism perpetuated real wages and the standard of living in Britain during and after the industrial revolution. The journal of economic history, 13.7 (1998), pp.625-658. Print. Lindert, Peter and Jeffrey Williamson. English worker’s living standards during the industrial revolution: A new look. The economic history review, 8.5 (1983), pp.1- 25. Print. This term paper on Debate of standard living condition in Britain during the industrial revolution was written and submitted by user Wolver-dok to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Evaluate the reasons why the Ottoman army and navy were so s essays

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Role Of Front Office In The Hotel Industry Tourism Essay We often heard that front office play an important role in the hotel industry. The front office or can be known as the main nerve of the hotel is the first and the last sector that interact with a client. Front offices are typically called so because they are at the front or entrance hall of a business, giving customers an easy access to office workers. This vital section of the business can serve many purposes, depending on the company, and are frequently the best place to obtain any customer-related information. Front offices may have an entry desk staffed with a secretary or administrative worker. This main desk can offer assistance to incoming clients or customers, and can direct queries to correct personnel. 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All departments play an important role to make the guest feel satisfy with our service. 1.1.1 Front Office Manager The basic duty of front office manager is to directly supervise the front desk, reservation, concierge and PABX. Hotel PABX system comes with a front desk management system either PC based or telephone operator console based which is used by operator to perform various tasks easily. Using this console, one can update, monitor room status like occupied, cleaned. It can be used to print out call details room wise, estimate telephone bills. Other duties of the front office manager are assisting in the training and cross-training of front office employees, prepares monthly reports, assists the rooms division manager in formulation and completion of front office policies and procedures. 1.1.2 Assistant Front Office Manager The assistant of front office manager is to control the operational activities of the hotel front desk within hotel procedure to provide the highest standard of courteous service while permitting acceptable profit levels. On the other hand, they have to ensure work is completed to include, shift closings, room deposits, refunds and rebates. They also have to prepare staffing schedules, complete payroll, and monitor labor expenses to budget figures and take personal responsibility for correcting customer service problems. 1.1.3 Front Desk Representative Hotel front desk clerks make room reservations, offer information and services to guests and receive payment for services. They are employed by hotels, motels and resorts. Hotel front desk clerks perform some or all of the following duties such as maintain an inventory of vacancies, reservations and room assignments, register arriving guests and assign rooms, answer enquiries regarding hotel services and registration by letter, by telephone and in person, provide information about services available in the community and respond to guest complaints and compile and check daily record sheets, guest accounts, receipts and vouchers using computerized or manual systems. 1.1.4 Night Auditor A night auditor works for a hotel or motel doing bookkeeping and often performing as the front desk agent as well. With the exception of for the smallest motels, most types and sizes of these businesses provide work for night auditors. These might be part-time positions, or the hotel may employ one full-time auditor and one part-time. Duties vary depending on the size of the capability, but the major focus of the job description is conduct end-of-day accounting duties. The job description for night auditors includes performing information entry on spreadsheets or in a file, and processing dissimilar types of computer accounting reports for the hotel and restaurant. They input reservations on a computer system and also update the occupied status of rooms as guests come and go. 1.1.5 Cashier The cashier has to uphold precise account balances for hotel operating cost and collect payment from guests. Hotel expenses contain room charges, abroad telephone calls, meals and laundry. They should be able to carry out foreign exchange, for example, converting foreign currencies and travelers cheques into local exchange, protect safe deposit boxes and resolve bill payments, expenses rapidly and correctly for guests who are checking out. 1.1.6 Reservationist A hotel reservations agent is an essential part of hotel operations. Guests get their first impression of the hotel service values at the time of reservation. Therefore, reservations agents must be courteous, well-informed and educational. The main duty of a reservations agent is to rent hotel rooms to potential guests. The agent must conquer any objections the guest has. Hotel managers provide rule so the agent will know precisely what to say if the guest resists the deal. This may come in the form of a script that must be insecurely followed. A reservationist is also someone who reserves events, tickets or makes travel preparations. Reservationists use customer-service skills to help people. The reservationist books events, tickets or arrangements online, by phone or in person. He produces customer confirmations and meets the customer ¿Ã‚ ½s needs to the best of his capability. Contacting customers when a termination is submitted is also the dependability of a reservationist. 1.1.7 Telephone Operator The supreme duty of a telephone operator is that of transferring calls from external the hotel to the suitable guest room. For security measurement, operators have to do this without giving out the room number of a hotel guest. The telephone operator may not often be face-to-face with guests of the hotel, but plays an important role on behalf of the hotel to the guest. For this situation, a friendly and polite tone of voice is all-important. The duties of the telephone operator include answers incoming calls, straight calls to guest room through the switchbox. 1.2 Organization Chart in Small Hotel, Mid Size Hotel and Large Hotel There are three main charts for front office division in hotel industry that is inside the small hotel, mid size hotel and the large hotel. 2.0 Conclusion Each department plays an important role in order to get a complete task to get the main thing that is the satisfaction of the customer. Sequentially to carry out its mission, worldwide and departmental goals and objectives, every company shall build a formal organization depicting different hierarchy of managing, supervision, and employee or the staff levels. All hotels mission is to make the hotel success by satisfying the customer need. If the hotels fail to do so, it means that they have failed everything. This is because we have to be humbled to the guest and respect the guest although they are wrong. The statement saying that  ¿Ã‚ ½guest will always be right ¿Ã‚ ½ is the rules showing that everything that the guest do and say, we have to give and take. The main department that is front office management has to play the important role as they are the one that will communicate with the guest from the guest check in until they will check out. Smile and greet the guest politely will make the guest feel happy and hoping that they will see us again. Question 2 Front office staffs must have certain skills to attract guests during the first impression. Write about Front Office staff skill in guest relations. 1.0 Introduction Impression and attitudes of the staffs are the most important things that the hotel should be aware when it comes to the customer satisfaction. They have to welcome the guest with a great smile and greet them politely as they are persons that will decide whether we deserve to have them in the hotel or opposite that. As been said by F.Howard in the Business Publications, Eye contact is the first thing theyre taught. The idea is to know a person before and after the guest opens the front door and enters the lobby. To do this, staff members have to be alert and aware of what is going on around them. What they are trained to do is recognize the people by providing eye contact and a smiling nod to let them know that theyve been known. To make a successful business in the hotel, all the staff and employee should take a few steps so that the circle of the chain inside the hotel is moving smoothly. 1.1 Meaning of the guest A guest is the person who buys room, meeting space, food and beverages or other service from the hotel. They are someone that who has certain needs and wants to be fulfilled and if the hotel cannot fulfill them, a competitor of the other hotel is the best choice of the guest to fulfill their satisfaction. A guest is someone who is in his or her mind, thinking that they are always right. We should never argue or match with a guest because if we do so, it ¿Ã‚ ½s like we ¿Ã‚ ½re giving the hotel to bankrupt. 1.2 Importance of Guest Relations According to L.F Dennis in the  ¿Ã‚ ½Rooms at The Inn: Front Office Operations and Administration ¿Ã‚ ½ book, in the clients mind, the character and competence of the entire hotel are reflected in the personality of the front office staff. The people of the front office may be the client ¿Ã‚ ½s first and last contact with the hotel. For the arriving guests, their behavior sets the tone for the entire stay. For departing clients, their final words create lasting impressions. It is the staff responsibility to create a sense of belonging. Clients must be made to feel as they are part of a family. The front desk staff must convey the impression that it is not there just to sell rooms, but rather to make the guest ¿Ã‚ ½s stay at the hotel as enjoyable as possible. 1.2.1 First Impression Personal appearance is the most obvious factor in influencing first impression. An individual ¿Ã‚ ½s appearance can communicate neatness, organization, pride and self-esteem. Eye contact and facial expressions also influence how people are perceived by others. A neat appearance, confidents, enthusiastic manner and a voice that convey warmth and sincerity are the most important tools of a front desk representative. 1.2.2 Personal Appearance Appearance is the function of sex and age. Regardless of the sex or age of a front desk representative, he or she will encounter certain biases in guests or others. For example, some people have the mistaken belief that older staff members are not  ¿Ã‚ ½up to date ¿Ã‚ ½ and others automatically assume that younger employees are inexperienced. A front desk representative, who dresses with authority, wears quality accessories and maintains a conservative appearance will produce a positive reaction in every client. 1.2.3 Communication Communication and understanding must also take place. Addresses guests will create the impression of respect and concern that the hotel has for its clients. A courteous staff member is a good listener as well as an efficient communicator. Asking questions indicates that the representative is interested in the client. Listening to the answers indicates personal respect and attention to the guest needs. 1.3 Dealing with Complaints Clients communicates their complaints not only to the front desk staff but also to coworkers, business associates and other guests. There are ways for dealing with clients who have complaints that are:  ¿Ã‚ ½ Never be defensive  ¿Ã‚ ½ Define the problem  ¿Ã‚ ½ Validate the clients feelings  ¿Ã‚ ½ Restate your understanding  ¿Ã‚ ½ Promise to take action  ¿Ã‚ ½ Follow Up 1.4 Preventing Complaints Complaints can often be avoided by properly educating guests about hotel policies and procedures. The most common complaint of hotel guests is related to credit card guarantees. Proper information can prevent misunderstandings and minimize complaints. On the other hand, the front office staff keep doing mistake, for example they will forget to key in the details of their guest and when the guest wants to check-in, they can ¿Ã‚ ½t do it because the guest name are not inside their check-in list. They have to always be alert every time when it comes toward related of the guest. 1.5 Effective Telephone Techniques The front office staff spends a great deal of its time on the telephone, communicating with people both inside and outside the hotel. Although some people have better speaking voices than others, verbal communication is an art that can be learned with practice. There are ways to develop an efficient, courteous telephone manner that are:  ¿Ã‚ ½ Be prepared  ¿Ã‚ ½ Answer promptly  ¿Ã‚ ½ Use proper identification  ¿Ã‚ ½ Speak directly into the telephone  ¿Ã‚ ½ Relax and be yourself  ¿Ã‚ ½ Ask questions  ¿Ã‚ ½ Listen carefully  ¿Ã‚ ½ Take notes if necessary  ¿Ã‚ ½ Use reflective phrases  ¿Ã‚ ½ Keep call holds to a minimum  ¿Ã‚ ½ End the call courteously 2.0 Conclusion The way to cooperate with customer is to love and the respect the customers. The ability to connect and build rapport with other people is a foundation life skill, and should be ideally, be actively developed from an early age. In business and in the workplace, on the domestic front and in our community lives, we all stand to promote from more effective communication skills. We crave for more fulfilling interpersonal relationships. The front office staffs should greet their customers with sincere and be patient with what the customer complaint because customer will always be right. Good communication is the lifeblood of the service industry and its important that your communication style reflects professionalism. To make the business or hotel success is to make the customer satisfy, listen to what they want. They will feel happy and think that they wanted to come again to your hotel.

Essay --

The Evolution of a Global Economy and Its Effects Relating to Wal-Mart Introduction The whole has been filled with many business challenges and market opportunities. As a result, there have been many changes in the overall turnover of the organization. This paper will focus on financial resources, operating, financial and equity return of the organization. International finance has been a major boost for businesses world over to grow and dominate their sectors. Those businesses that utilize this facility end up being a major success internationally. The use of international finance means that the businesses have more investments, cash flows and capital growth; this increases their chances of growth through investing in global markets. World financial institutions such as; world banks, world trade organizations, commercial banks have been responsible for funding business that have changed over to big businesses making volumes of sales throughout the world. I would like to make my discussion by using Wal-Mart as an example of what is happening in our world. For example, Thomas Friedman, in his book â€Å"The World is Flat†, says that if Wal-Mart were an individual business, it would rank as China’s eighth-biggest trading partner, ahead of Russia, Australia, and Canada. Wal-Mart is a perfect example of a business that has used world finance to retain sustained growth and development. This paper also focuses on world finance and how it has enabled Wal-Mart to grow beyond borders while still a gross profit, it also answers the question how government bodies affect financial decision-making. This paper studies Wal-Mart external business market and its influence on its strategic business contingency plan. Economically, Wal-Mart has enjoyed... ...art has joint ventures in China and several majority-owned subsidiaries. Wal-Mart’s majority-owned subsidiary in Mexico is Walmex. In Japan, Wal-Mart owns 100 percent of Seiyu as of 2008 (walmartstores.com) Wal-Mart also owns 51 percent of the Central American Retail Holding Company, more than 360 supermarkets and other stores in Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica. Global Impact In 1993, President Bill Clinton signed The North America Free Trade Agreement into law. The trade agreement eliminated all non-tariff barriers to agricultural trade and tariff rate quotas allowing Wal-Mart to import products and export jobs. This had a great financial impact on America. However after seeing the affects this agreement would have on our country, Congress expanded the North America Free Trade Agreement to include over thirty-one additional countries. Essay -- The Evolution of a Global Economy and Its Effects Relating to Wal-Mart Introduction The whole has been filled with many business challenges and market opportunities. As a result, there have been many changes in the overall turnover of the organization. This paper will focus on financial resources, operating, financial and equity return of the organization. International finance has been a major boost for businesses world over to grow and dominate their sectors. Those businesses that utilize this facility end up being a major success internationally. The use of international finance means that the businesses have more investments, cash flows and capital growth; this increases their chances of growth through investing in global markets. World financial institutions such as; world banks, world trade organizations, commercial banks have been responsible for funding business that have changed over to big businesses making volumes of sales throughout the world. I would like to make my discussion by using Wal-Mart as an example of what is happening in our world. For example, Thomas Friedman, in his book â€Å"The World is Flat†, says that if Wal-Mart were an individual business, it would rank as China’s eighth-biggest trading partner, ahead of Russia, Australia, and Canada. Wal-Mart is a perfect example of a business that has used world finance to retain sustained growth and development. This paper also focuses on world finance and how it has enabled Wal-Mart to grow beyond borders while still a gross profit, it also answers the question how government bodies affect financial decision-making. This paper studies Wal-Mart external business market and its influence on its strategic business contingency plan. Economically, Wal-Mart has enjoyed... ...art has joint ventures in China and several majority-owned subsidiaries. Wal-Mart’s majority-owned subsidiary in Mexico is Walmex. In Japan, Wal-Mart owns 100 percent of Seiyu as of 2008 (walmartstores.com) Wal-Mart also owns 51 percent of the Central American Retail Holding Company, more than 360 supermarkets and other stores in Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica. Global Impact In 1993, President Bill Clinton signed The North America Free Trade Agreement into law. The trade agreement eliminated all non-tariff barriers to agricultural trade and tariff rate quotas allowing Wal-Mart to import products and export jobs. This had a great financial impact on America. However after seeing the affects this agreement would have on our country, Congress expanded the North America Free Trade Agreement to include over thirty-one additional countries.

Othello and Crescent Essay

Introduction Present essay provides a comparative analysis of Shakespeare’s Othello and Abu-Jaber’s Crescent in terms of locating similar and opposite themes. The theme that was chosen is representation of Arabness as social, individual and cultural category. There is no denying the importance of the fact that both works depict the fate of Arab people in Western civilization, including Western attitudes to them, their own perception of Western way of life and traditions and their relations with other people. Moreover, both works serve as the instruments for revealing negative contours of Western societies, including racist prejudices, which is especially evident in Othello. Based on the latter reservations, present essay defends the thesis, which may be formulated as follows: Shakespeare’s Othello and Abu-Jaber’s Crescent have much in common due to the fact that beneath recurrent symbols and themes, such as love, betrayal etc. lies the central theme of Arabness, reflected through the prism of civilizations’ interchange, conflict and contradiction. The comparative analysis of Othello and Crescent Both Othello and Crescent have Arab people, found themselves in certain roles within Western civilization, as their main protagonists. The conflict between them and Western civilization takes place on different thematic levels, explained by the difference in plots and historical surrounding. Sirine, the main protagonist of Cresent, is a chef at Lebanese restaurant in Los Angeles with Middle-Eastern cuisine. Her surrounding consists of the Arab people, many of whom were exiled or emigrated from Iraq due to political repressions. Sirine’s Arabness is constituted by her sentimental intimacy to Iraqi uncle and a great interest in Iraqi history, culture and Muslim traditions in general. Notwithstanding the fact, that Sirine is successful in America, she is rather lonely and still feels herself an immigrant, living in alien and unfriendly culture. The latter feeling of loneliness is well described by the friend of Sirine, called Um-Nadia: â€Å"The loneliness of the Arab is a terrible thing; it is all-consuming†¦. it threatens to swallow him whole when he leaves his own country, even though he marries and travels and talks to friends twenty-four hours a day. † (Abu Jaber,78) Hence, it is important to note that Sirine’s Arabness and conflicting status within Western civilization are not constituted in direct terms and notions, bearing on direct political connotations. As Nouri Gana rightly suggests about Abu Jaber’s novel, ‘perhaps one of the most glowing virtues of the novel is that it awakens the political in the reader by craftily staging how it bears on the individual and communal on a day-to-day basis’ (Gana, 237). The same may be said about Shakespeare’s Othello, where Arabness is also not addressed directly, but essentially mediated through thematic, symbolical and cultural discourses. Unlike Crescent’s where the contradiction between cultures and civilization is depicted as the difficulty of adaptation, assimilation and longing for native country, Arabness in Othello is constituted mainly in racist terms. However, the latter racism should also be understood as the instruments by means of which Shakespeare debunks aggressive, brutal, coward character of such members of Western civilization as Iago. The Arabness of Othello is initially constituted through the mechanism of exoticization, when he is named not by name, but as ‘Moor’ and ‘extravagant stranger’, which immediately creates mental border between civilizations. (Othello 1. 1. 58 and 1. 1. 37). Here, the direct distinction in representing Arabness may be traced at the narrative level of Crescent. Unlike Othello, Hanif Al Eyad, who is an exiled Iraqi professor, does not experience direct racial prejudices, but problems of adapting to American society. What is more important, he has significant problem of integrating in Arab American community, which is already assimilated into the wider American culture. In fact, Hanif finds himself in a difficult position of finding new contours of his Arabness, as he meets with new conditions of its existence in the American society. In the same vein, Sirine reconfigures her identity, when she starts working at Arab restaurant. Her lost Arab roots come to existence, when she delves into her parents, ’old recipes and to begin cooking â€Å"the favorite—but almost forgotten—dishes of her childhood† (Abu Jaber, 22). Finally, when Hanif and Sirine meet, they are engaged in cultural interchange – Sirine educates him about American and Hanif opens the culture of Iraq and the Arab world to Sirine. In this way, the Arabness is constituted in the contradictory multicultural way, when it becomes a mixture of American way of life, its contradictions, immigrants’ culture and post-9/11 ‘anti-Muslim syndrome’, negatively experienced by Arab people, living in the US. Therefore, the Arabness in Crescent and Othello are constituted in distinctively different ways. Othello’s racial and cultural difference is the main source of legitimization for brutal behavior of Roderigo, Iago and others, who oppose the relationships between Othello and Desdemona. In fact, Desdemona is the only protagonist, which opposes particularization of cultural differences and represents universality of human relationships. She sees in Othello neither Arab, nor exotic man, but a man, whom she loves. The narration in Othello is abundant with racial prejudices, which function as the markers of Arabness. At the outset of the play, Iago wakes Brabantio up and tells him that â€Å"an old black ram / Is tupping your white ewe† (1. 1. 89-90), referring to Othello. The relations between Othello and Desdemona are also presented by Iago through racist discourse, â€Å"your daughter covered with a Barbary horse† (1. 1. 112), and reminds Brabantio of genetic consequences for his family, â€Å"you’ll have your nephews neigh to you,† (1. 1. 112-18). Other features of Othello’s Arabness are reproduced mainly through the depiction of his temperament and here we find Shakespeare’s critical edge, which uses then dominant racial prejudices of English aristocracy to depict their defected nature. Othello is depicted by Shakespeare as lacking Western (Iago-type) ‘virtues’ as cunningness, meanness, egoism, rationality, calculation, but endows him with trustful, kind, energetic temperament. The latter positive constitution of Arabness serves as the critique of Western society deficiencies and problems. Eventually, such features of Arabness result in tragic ending of Shakespeare’s play (Bartels, 458). Othello as Abu-Jader’s protagonists also seems lonely in the Western world, where all are against him. Pain of loss, exile and loneliness, however, is presented in Crescent in more sentimental quotidian way. For instance, it is evident when Sirine’s Iraqi uncle asks the Italian waiter in a restaurant: â€Å"Wouldn’t you say that immigrants are sadder than other people? † To which the latter responds, â€Å"When we leave our home we fall in love with our sadness. † (Abu-Jaber, 78). Another important theme, which runs through Abu-Jaber’s novel is difficulty of being Arab. This idea is mainly propagated by Sirine’s uncle and defended through telling mythical stories from Arab history, depicting the suffering of Arab people. The difficulty of being Arab is also presented at the level of racialized and politicized metaphors, which represent Arabness in Western world and in fact distort real culture of Arab people. In this way, Arabness is constituted as the ideological category, which has nothing to do with real life of Arab people (Gana, 241). The latter contradiction may be traced in Othello, when in fact our vision of the main protagonist is constituted by Oriental discourse. One of the major differences pertinent to the analyzed works is general narrative tone in which the latter discussed contradictions are presented. The contradictions of being Arab in the Western world in Cresent are presented through the depiction of Arab community daily life. The experience of Sirine and Hanif is characterized by sentimental feelings, loneliness, psychological trauma etc. The conflict between cultures and civilizations is presented as the quotidian difficulties of communication, adaptation and active life. The romantic ties which united Sirine and Hanif may be described as the part of sentimental representation of Arabness in Abu-Jabar’s novel. However, as it was noted above, even such approach to narration reveals much of the tensions and contradictions, experienced by immigrant Arabs. Unlike Crescent, Othello represents the evidence of contradictions between Western and Eastern civilization, which results in tragic implications for the destiny of individual people. Racial prejudices against Othello function as the legitimization of Iago’s plot against him. The differences between temperament and culture of Othello and his latent rivals, hence, should be understood as the main driving force of Shakespeare’s tragedy. Conclusion To sum it up, Arabness may be described as the central theme in both Shakespeare’s and Abu-Jaber’s works. It is represented on the level of human relations and is not directly interpreted in political manner, however, certain ideological and political interpretations may be found. Racial prejudices in Othello serve as a tool for debunking negative features of Western civilization and human/universal features, reflected in Othello’s temperament. In Crescent, the Arabness is presented through the prism of immigrants’ difficulty of adaptation, permanent feeling of pain, loneliness and lack of identity. In this way, the discussed theme has both similarities and difference in the discussed novels, explained by their distinct genres, historical and cultural surrounding. Works Cited Abu-Jaber, Diana. Crescent. New York: Norton, 2003. Bartels, E. C. ‘Making More of the Moor: Aaron, Othello, and Renaissance Refashioning of Race’. Shakespeare Quarterly vol. 41: 454, 1990. Gana, Nouri. ‘In Search of Andalusia: reconfiguring Arabness in Diana Abu-Jaber’s Crescent’. Comparative Literature Studies. Vol. 45, no. 2, 2008. The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA. Shakespeare, W. Othello. The Complete Works of Shakespeare, ed. David Bevington, 3d edition. Glenview, IL: Scott, Foresman, 1980.

Usage Mistakes #1

Usage Mistakes #1 Usage Mistakes #1 Usage Mistakes #1 By Mark Nichol The sentences below illustrate various types of mistakes in wording born from (not â€Å"borne out of†) ignorance or carelessness. 1. All the progress we have made to educate people about the hazards of smoking may be for not. The writer, perhaps unfamiliar with the term naught, assumed that the last word of the sentence is intended to denote negation rather than futility: â€Å"All the progress we have made to educate people about the hazards of smoking may be for naught.† 2. President Obama traveled to Cuba for a historical visit. A historical visit is one that occurs in history, though one should not refer to a visit this way; historical is superfluous. The writer meant to state that the visit is historic; that word means â€Å"of significance to history† (though it sometimes refers simply to something established or existing from the past): â€Å"President Obama traveled to Cuba for a historic visit.† (But shouldn’t it be â€Å"an historic visit†? No, because the correct pronunciation of historic is to sound the h, though many people, including me, believe it is easier to use an and treat the first letter of the following word as silent.) 3. His speech was a load of dribble. Some people seem to think that references such as the one here are to someone’s writing or utterance being worth no more than drool, but the correct word for foolish or silly talk (which can refer to slavering but is etymologically unrelated) is drivel: â€Å"His speech was a load of drivel.† 4. The list is virtually a whose-who of prominent community members. The pronoun whose has no place in this sentence. The phrase â€Å"who’s who† (the contraction is of â€Å"who is†) refers to a roster of notable people or things or summaries about them, or to such a group collectively: â€Å"The list is virtually a who’s who of prominent community members.† This usage- without a connecting hyphen- stems from publications with titles modeled on the phrase, such as Who’s Who in American Art. 5. Where does the US Jewish population predominately live? Predominate is a verb; the correct adjectival and adverbial forms are predominant and predominantly: â€Å"Where does the US Jewish population predominantly live?† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Common Mistakes category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Yours faithfully or Yours sincerely?When to Form a Plural with an Apostrophe40 Idioms with First

The Ladies Man essays

The Ladies Man essays Ooooo, itth a lady, is the typical response most female callers would get from The Ladies Man Leon Phelps as soon as their sweet voice enters his radio headset. Based on the excessive use of sexual innuendo in his style of speech, Leon Phelps a.k.a. The Ladies Man, only solidifies the fact that he truly is a fun loving, care-free swinger that enjoys nothing more than a good one night stand. Leon expresses his sexual views and vocabulary mostly on his radio show and regardless of constant warnings and fines, he continues to stretch his freedom of speech to their furthest limits. He seems to perceive the women that he sleeps with to be victories, as if the concept of sex is a game to him. His constant referrals to his female flings as ,Sweet thang, and his never-ending quest to sleep with as many women as possible only reiterates that fact that he is a man-whore, and whats more, he is proud of it. First of all, Leons lisp is the most notable trademark relating to his style of speaking. Every S that passes through his lips is transformed to a th sound, adding humor to his already hilarious one liners. I have noticed that many people who have speech impediments have lower self-esteem, or are on the shy side. Leon is as far from that generalization as possible. Unconsciously, that is a turn on for the ladies; seeing a guy that has confidence in himself even with an impediment that hinders many others. Secondly, The Ladies Man is undoubtedly one of the funniest SNL characters to make a movie. For example, he thinks he is incredibly smooth with the ladies, when in reality, his pickup lines and comments are extremely corny. All that matters is that the ladies buy it. During the opening scene in Lesters Bar, Leon imagines himself whispering sweet things into a certain ladies ear. Leon approaches her, offers a light to her cigarette, leans i...

The Future Role of Technology in Higher Education Article

The Future Role of Technology in Higher Education - Article Example On the other hand, the adoption of online services and programs has not only improved academic life in many higher education institutions but has also reduced administrative requirements as well as streamlined student registration processes. Computers and telecommunications are some of the key technologies that continue to reshape higher education. For example the rapid advances in social media, internet, CDROMs and computerized simulations have significantly affected the current learning operations in many institutions of higher learning. Generally some of the technological devices that are increasingly playing an important role in higher educational institutions include computers, phones and other sophisticated machines that all are aimed at improving human life. Although technology has largely brought transformational benefits to many institutions of higher learning, it has also resulted in new challenges some of which include disruptive innovations, high costs and other operation al challenges (Alic, 1997, p.88). Many educationists concur that the adoption of technology is an expensive process that often come with increased budgetary allocation as well as the need for time and new learning methods. Despite some of the challenges that hinder the adoption of new technologies in higher education institutions, technology will continue playing a significant role in the future of higher education particularly in the improvement of teaching methodologies, administration and academic experience. This paper critically examines the future role of technology in the institutions of higher learning and how these roles will alter learning, pedagogical and teaching methodologies. Transformative nature of technology on the future higher education learning In many higher education institutions, the use of new technologies continue transform classroom experience by enabling multi modal learning and teaching as well as enhancing the availability and use of a diverse range of o nline research materials and collaborations. Technological devices such as computers, mobile phones, I pads and tablets, are increasingly being used in schools as important aids in teaching, learning, and communication as well as in the day to day administrative functions. Additionally online tools for academic research collaborations will significantly contribute towards the improvement of academic research in many educational institutions (Mendenhall, 2011, p.24). Learning technological innovations such as the development of learning management software have also profoundly improved academic experience and are likely to continue playing a crucial role in the delivery of academic content. Similarly emerging technologies such as Cloud computing are also likely be adopted by higher education institutions in the future to improve their data storage. For example, the use of huge data stores offered by cloud computing will not only improve the computing performance but will also help ma ny higher education institutions to enhance the security of data research, academic and administrative data. The other important area of higher education learning where new technologies will continue to play a pivotal role is academic partnerships and research

Laws and Regulation for The Protection of Chicken in the United States Research Paper

Laws and Regulation for The Protection of Chicken in the United States - Research Paper Example This research will begin with the statement that chicken has been a favorite food by man for a long time. Some of its significant uses are for food, egg production, and for research. An estimated nine billion chickens go to the marketplace and to the food table of every American yearly. Yet despite its many favorable uses, chicken welfare seems to be forgotten by the government. This animal is often subjected to wanton abuses and indiscriminate slaughters that is done to profit few companies. If proper care for this animal is not observed, the loss is unimaginable, and the spread of disease might contaminate people, like bird-flu. Animals have rights that should be protected. This is the contention of People for Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) and the American Society for Prevention of Cruelty to Animals ( ASPCA), two organizations that argued there is a need to safeguard animals for sustainability purposes and to protect people from contamination of disease caused by these anima ls. PETA believes animals have rights and that they should live free from suffering and exploitation. But because they are animals they cannot represent themselves in reacting against exploitation of humans; and that animals should be given due considerations too, and a change of traditional view that animals exist only for human use. ASPCA ‘s worry is on farm animals that are caged on the modern farming technology. Accordingly, 99% of farm animals are raised in factory farms whose main objective is for profit other than animal welfare.