The Role Of Performance Appraisals On Compensation Decisions

The Role of Performance Appraisals in Compensation Decisions The rise in the competitiveness of the ever-changing business environment has caused organizations to search for strategic ways to obtain and sustain a competitive advantage. Human resource managers can create competitive advantage for an organization by implementing effective performance appraisal systems, which properly compensate and incentivize employees. Incentivizing and compensating employees through an effective performance appraisal system will help retain top performing employees and help a company maintain a competitive advantage. Performance appraisals, according to Denisi, are described as, â€Å"†¦the specific and formal evaluations of an employee to determine the degree to which the employee is performing his or her job effectively.† Performance appraisal is a managerial process that links organizational objectives, performance standards and evaluation, to which the performance review are often applied. Performance appraisals in a business are considered a key to human resource management (HRM) practices for measuring effectiveness and efficiency (Sudin, 2011). Performance appraisal systems, according to Sudin, include the processes and procedures involved in implementing, managing, and communicating the events involved in performance appraisals. Performance appraisals serve many purposes within organizations, and as summarized by DeNisi, (2014) the performance appraisal process has at least threeShow MoreRelatedHuman Resources Policies And Procedures1704 Words   |  7 Pageshelp in planning, directing, coordinating, and any other activity that will help the organization to offer the best care possible. The role of the leaders is also to treat the patients effectively and efficiently by responding to any of the issues that is raised by the patients for purposes of offering effective care. As such, the joint commission has played a key role in keeping records of how to deal with cultural differences in the healthcare facilities that will lead to efficiency in the provisionRead MorePerformance Appraisals and Employee Performance1035 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿Performance Appraisals and Employee Performance: Performance appraisals are constantly viewed as burdensome tasks that employers would like to avoid despite understanding the significance of evaluating the performance of employees. This consideration is further fueled in organizations and companies with minimal pay raises and bonuses as well as those with downsized compensations. Organizations that take similar initiatives to deal with current economic challenges also experience difficultiesRead MoreThe Performance Management System Is Ensuring All Portions Of The Organization1566 Words   |  7 PagesThe most important part in creating your performance management system is ensuring all portions of the organization are involved in design, implementing, administering, managing, and evaluating the program (Group, 1994). In order to reform the current performance management system human resources must decide what currently works and consider how their competitors have set up their performance management systems. If you want to be co mpetitive in the appeal industry it’s essential to pay attentionRead MorePerformance Appraisal And The Diversity Within The Workplace963 Words   |  4 PagesPosition Management plays a key role in organizations job duties and classifications used especially in the merit system by job type and level of responsibilities which leads to limiting payroll salaries only needed for that position. As organizations change internally the Position Management will analyze the current employees and their performances based on performance appraisal and the diversity within the workplace. The Position management will also evaluate the compensation packages to ensure that theyRead MoreHuman Capital And Its Impact On The Success Of The Company Essay1280 Words   |  6 Pageshuman capital (Lev,2004). Human Capital consist of employees and their skills and abilities. Human Capital is often considered a very valuable asset within a company which must be protected. Company’s must have a strong strategic recruitment and compensation plan in order to maintain its human capital and stay competitive. There are eleven competencies that most well managed companies have and if they fail in either of them they lose their competitive advantage. The eleven competencies are talentRead MorePerformance Appraisal Of A Worker1132 Words   |  5 Pagesreview, as the title mentions, Barnes, Reb and Ang researched the effects of dynamic performance components to the compensation paid to employees. There are many considerations for the performance appraisal of a worker. In this research he analyzes the pay for performance approach, which has both improving and worsening effects on employees. As our authors stated, â€Å"There are negative consequences for both under compensation and overcompensation: Paying too little can result, for example, in increased turnoverRead MoreUtley Food Market1259 Words   |  6 PagesDepression. It started as one store and move into a chain of stores totaling 86 supermarkets from Missouri to Illinois. In 1948, the stores were owned by one of Mr. Utleyâ€℠¢s descendants and went public while the family gradually moved out of leadership roles. However, the company is now mainly unionized, with virtually all nonexempt employees and approximately 15 percent of the exempt employees unionized. Between the union and management is where pay raises for union employees are across the board. Read MoreNursing Leadership Essay1219 Words   |  5 Pagesjob description, coupled by the performance evaluation process, builds the foundation for initial and continued employment for all employees throughout an organization. Once the job description is finalized in writing, it is required that every employee review and sign this document at initial employment and when any modifications are made. The essential functions section of the evaluation is specific to each role and is a portion of the overall performance appraisal process. These essential functionsRead MoreHuman Resource Management On A Global Scale1302 Words   |  6 Pagesmanagement devel opment, performance appraisal, and compensation. The focus level in individual areas of Human Resource Management may differ between countries, and organizations, but overall HR is an organizational asset worldwide. Global Human Resource Management According to Hill (2013), human resource management â€Å"refers to the activities an organization carries out to use its human resources effectively† (p. 570). Human resource management plays a significant role in the functions of organizationsRead MoreHuman Resource Managers Are The Cornerstone Of Any Organization826 Words   |  4 Pagesdevelop a thorough knowledge of corporate plans, culture, and institutional policies (Geet, 2009). Along with these responsibilities, this position requires a vast knowledge for: assessing potential candidates for employment, performance management skills, and creating compensation packages. As a human resource manager, there are many potential issues that need to be taken into consideration in order to manage a company effectively and efficiently. Hiring the correct candidates during the recruitment

A Stranger is Watching Essay - 609 Words

A Stranger is Watching In novels there are many literary devices that an author may use. Suspense is one that is used to grab the reader’s attention and keep reading. Mary Higgins Clark demonstrates suspense throughout her novel, A Stranger Is Watching by giving only so much information then she will direct your attention to something else so the reader keeps reading. Some suspenseful scenes that the author demonstrates in the novel are when an intruder is in the Peterson home and is pointing a gun at Sharon’s head, another is when Sharon is in the kidnapper’s car and cleverly puts her ring in the seat so maybe someone would find it, and when Mrs. Perry comes to the Peterson home and tells everyone that she knows the voice of†¦show more content†¦This scene is suspenseful because Clark just ends the statement and does not continue to tell who the intruder is and what he may do to Sharon and Neil and what he wants and why he was there. Another suspenseful scene is while in the kidnapper’s car before being forced to get out of the car she feels a stinging pain in her left hand it was the ring that Steve had given her for a gift. Sharon then takes the ring off and forces it into the seat cushion just before the kidnapper opens the car door. Then making Sharon get out of the car he took a careful look inside the car picking up the gag that had been in her mouth. Sharon holds her breath because she does not want him to see the ring and he did not. This scene is very suspenseful because of the quick actions of the characters and the tension it creates. While Mr. Perry was at the Peterson home giving information to the FBI Mrs. Perry walked over to the Peterson’s and just stood in the doorway silent. Her face and hair were wet with snow and her face marble white. The pupils of her eyes were dilated and staring, she was shaking tremendously. She was holding a piece of paper in her hand. 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There is something to be said forRead MoreEssay about Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been?1264 Words   |  6 Pagesdealing with people whom she has never met and if gone out of hands, controlling the situation using intelligent methods. Even though Connie a normal teenager, who loved her friends, went to school, and enjoyed life, she was mercilessly harassed by a stranger to an extent that could have been avoided. Initially, Connie had a normal childhood. She visited her friends who were just like her in many ways. Her best friend’s father used to drop them all to the mall as it was not safe if theyRead MoreA Stranger Among Us648 Words   |  3 PagesA Stranger Among Us A Stranger Among Us is a movie that displays many aspects of ethnicity, and how many different groups of people interact and adapt to each other’s difference. There is a murder and a detective named Emily Eden has to place herself into a Jewish community to help solve this murder. In the film there is several groups displayed and many different perspectives, along with an ethnic neighborhood and lots of learning about the Hasidic culture, and Detective Eden made some crucialRead MoreHome Television vs. Theater Movies1100 Words   |  4 PagesIn todays technologically advanced world, there has never been a better time to be entertained. There are literally thousands of choices, including going out, staying in, watching movies, television, or DVDs. There have been many debates regarding which of these entertainment forms are the best option. This debate has focused specifically on whether it is better to be entertained by the movie industry in the comfort of ones home or in th e luxury of a theater. While there are specific advantagesRead MoreAnalysis : Veronica Mars 1609 Words   |  7 Pagesticking in her head that counted the seconds she’d been seated at Dominick’s. Her table was a strategic choice; far from, but angled towards, the door- a perfect position to watch for any man that had the slightest potential to be CA152. Talking to a stranger and daring to meet the man and be nervous about it, there was some silliness in that. Waiting at a table alone, with a rose as identification felt completely silly to Veronica. Wait a minute, was that†¦ Veronica’s watchful eyes caught a glimpse of

Supply side factors of drop out for students Free Essays

string(69) " has one of the highest pupil-teacher ratios in the part, between 1\." Harmonizing to the National Plan for 2003-2015 ( 2003 ) of the Royal Government of Cambodia, Education for All ( EFA ) is the first critical and inevitable measure for bettering and sharpening human resources, which are needfully needed for Cambodia ‘s economic fight in an progressively planetary and regional economic system. Driven by a figure of development be aftering enterprises by the Royal Government of Cambodia, the constitution of EFA, which was approved by the Royal Government of Cambodia in 2002, came into consequence. In add-on, the National Plan emphasizes that, to develop the state ‘s economic system, Cambodia needs to guarantee its ain countrywide basic instruction, primary and lower secondary instruction, since the Government firmly believes EFA is the first and inevitable mechanism for Cambodia to make its ain Socio Economic Development Plan II ( SEDP II ) by agencies of equalising educational entree among its both advantaged and disadvantaged kids. We will write a custom essay sample on Supply side factors of drop out for students or any similar topic only for you Order Now This EFA program is besides encouraged by the on-going Poverty Reduction Strategic Plan ( PRSP ) of 2002, which aims at poorness decrease in Cambodia since the Government found that it has been the chief trap well lending to hapless pupils ‘ dropouts in Cambodia Basic Education. A paper by United Nations Children ‘s Fun ( UNICEF ) ( 2007 ) , which outlined the cosmopolitan primary instruction by aiming making the unapproachable in Cambodia, emphasizes that, to guarantee EFA in Cambodia, it is necessarily necessary to guarantee correlativity between both supply and demand-driven factors since the two factors are inseparable, intertwined tow-side consequence. This research, conducted by agencies of literature reappraisal from several beginnings, purposes to reply the undermentioned inquiries: What are these demand-side and supply-side which may forestall hapless kids from remaining in school? What does the Kampuchean Government do to cut down the influence of these factors on drop-out? The followers are the illustrations over the above research job, which chronologically includes the present state of affairs of drop-out in basic instruction in Cambodia, both supply-side and demand-side factors which may forestall hapless kids from remaining in school, and the Kampuchean Government ‘s solution in cut downing the influence of these factors on drop-out. Present Situation of Drop-out in Cambodia Basic Education With necessary engagement in their household ‘s economic activities, Kampuchean pupils in basic instruction normally face late school entry and early school dropout ( ILO, UNICEF, 2006 ) . The same research by ILO and UNICEF ( 2006 ) besides explains that about 16 per centum of Kampuchean kids are already active in their household ‘s economic work at the age of six while over half of them are involved at the age of 10. Therefore, kids engagement in economic activities exceeds that in school by the age of 15. In this sense, most of them merely analyze entirely, so they consider dropout. A study by World Bank ( 2005 ) shows that dropout rate becomes the highest during the pupils ‘ passage from primary schools to take down secondary schools. While the pupils are making their basic instruction, some of them choose to drop out of school without even finishing it. The study, furthermore, identifies many grounds of dropout, in which poorness seems to be the most influential ( as cited World Food Programme, 2007 ) . The tabular array below is the illustration by MoEYS/UNESCO ( 2000 ) , and NPRS ( 2005 ) on different grounds why pupils in Cambodia basic instruction bead out of school: Reasons Males ( % ) Female ( % ) Parents ‘ poorness 22.3 19 Needed at place 1.6 21.1 Poor instruction 0.4 0.4 Distance to school 2.9 2.9 Schooling is non utile 0.4 0.3 Family migration 3.9 3.9 Other grounds 11 8.8 No response 37.5 43.6 Beginning: MoEYS/UNESCO ( 2000 ) /NPRS ( 2005 ) ( as cited in World Food Programme, 2007, p. 5 ) Harmonizing to the tabular array above, MoEYS/UNESCO ( 2000 ) /NPRS ( 2005 ) shows that poorness is the most influential factor forestalling pupils from traveling to school and hence doing them to drop out. It besides shows a great difference in the figure of pupils who reach the last class in primary schools and the proportion of pupils who continue their survey to take down secondary schools. The study moreover explains that, despite the abolishment of primary school fees, the secondary schools ‘ fees are non free. Therefore, possibly these are the grounds why pupils decide to drop out of school during the period of their passage from primary to take down secondary school since their parents or households can non afford their go oning instruction. The same determination by MoEYS/UNESCO ( 2000 ) and NPRS ( 2005 ) illustrates that, despite increasing proportion of pupils traveling to primary schools, there are still a big figure of pupils dropping out of schools or non inscribi ng for their go oning instruction in lower secondary schools ( as cited in World Food Programme, 2007 ) . Supply-side Factors A statement by UNICEF ( 2007 ) identifies three chief supply-side factors, which prevent hapless kids from remaining in school, viz. unequal public outgo on primary instruction, high pupil-teacher ratio, and uncomplete school substructure. The study shows that, even though 80 to 84 per centum of entire Kampuchean instruction budget has been allocated to basic instruction, turn toing the issue of unequal public outgo is still a job, which to boot involves deciding issues of distance from school, installations and substructure of school, and instructors ‘ preparation and Numberss, peculiarly for entree to primary schools in distant and rural countries. The account, furthermore, emphasizes â€Å" aˆÂ ¦though investing in instruction has helped to increase the net registration rate in Cambodia by over 20 per centum over the period 1997 to 2004, a significant figure of kids still denied instruction opportunitiesaˆÂ ¦ † ( UNICEF, 2007, p. 8 ) . In add-on, high pupil- teacher ratio is besides a job. â€Å" Pupil-teacher ratio in schools in the poorest 300 communes averaged every bit much as 79 students per instructor compared with 46 in schools in the richest 300 communes † ( World Bank, 2006, p.101 ) . Another statistics sing high pupil-teacher ratio in primary instruction shows: The pupil-teacher ratio in Cambodia does non compare favourably with that of other states in the regionaˆÂ ¦ Cambodia has one of the highest pupil-teacher ratios in the part, between 1. You read "Supply side factors of drop out for students" in category "Essay examples"8 to 2.9 times more than other states. The high pupil-teacher ratio has a direct influence on attending and larning results, and it peculiarly affects those kids populating in underserved countries of the state ( UNICEF, 2007, p. 9 ) . UNICEF ( 2007 ) , furthermore, shows that uncomplete school substructure besides affects students ‘ survey in schools, particularly who chiefly live in distant countries and those who can non afford their day-to-day transit. The determination proves that, despite to-some-extent betterment in structural substructure in basic instruction in Cambodia, a figure of uncomplete schools remain still. Those uncomplete schools is the chief cause of primary school students ‘ drop-out since they can non travel upward as those uncomplete schools can non supply higher classs for them. Similarly, a 2004 World Bank study peculiarly points out four of import factors from supply-side: deficient school preparedness, a big figure of uncomplete primary schools, low quality of instructors, and unequal wellness attention installations, viz. H2O and latrines and such acquisition installations as library. The study posited the roots of students ‘ dropouts on poorness trap, stating that: Poverty is the first factor that predisposes kids to drop out of school. Poor households are unable to pay the cost of schooling that could be every bit high of 79 per cent of the per capita non-food outgo of the poorest 20 per cent of the population. Children ‘s deficiency of school preparedness frequently a consequence of malnutrition and deficiency of preschool experiences is another factor that particularly impacts negatively on Grade 1 repeat and drop-out ( as cited in UNICEF, 2005, p. 9 ) . Mainstreaming Inclusive Education Undertaking by Voluntary Service Oversea ( VSO ) ( 2006 ) conducted a little pilot survey of a little sample of kids ( n=32 ) on primary school dropout in Kampot state, and it provided similar account on supply-side factors. One of the grounds is excess costs for school. The research shows that students are supposed to pay more for their excess lessons, or they would neglect in their survey. The 2nd ground is that their places are distant from schools. The research show that some pupils spend at least an hr each from place to school and this is the chief ground for their school dropouts. The concluding ground in the findings is instructors ‘ behaviour. The study emphasizes that physical penalty, harmonizing to 25 % of the kids, continues to be in school and is a factor that discourages some of them non to go to school ( VSO, 2006 ) . Demand-side Factors In the working documents by UNICEF ( 2007 ) on Universal Primary Education: Reaching the Unreached, demand-side explains three factors as the grounds for pupils dropouts, viz. poorness, geographics and ethnicity. First, poorness is really likely to be the most influential facet. Without even nutrient to eat for their day-to-day endurance, kids are required to work by their household. Cambodia Child Labor Survey emphasizes that around 50 % of all kids in Cambodia, aged from 7 to 14, were much more actively involved in economic aid in 2001 if compared with other with-similar-income states ( ILO, UNICEF and World Bank, 2006 ) . â€Å" Together with the demand of significant domestic work, this economic activity delays the chance that a kid would get down primary school by the official school entry age of six † ( UNICEF, 2007, p. 10 ) . In the same statement, UNICEF ( 2007 ) found that costs of kid schooling is the issue. Since cost of basic education-both direct and indirect-is h igh in Cambodia, hapless pupils find it disputing to remain in school, but sing dropout might be the better pick. Poverty is besides a chief cause of hapless pupils ‘ late entry into primary school. World Bank ( 2005b ) has found that â€Å" Children in Cambodia enter school well subsequently than the official school enrolment age of six, averaging 7.6 old ages as of 2001, † ( as cited in UNICEF, 2007, p. 11 ) . Therefore, this delayed start in school seems to be a terrible disheartenment in their academic continuance and it therefore appears to be the account about why hapless pupils decide to drop out of school. Second, the Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports ( 2006 ) shows geographical location earnestly affects hapless pupils ‘ survey in footings of non merely farness but besides school conditions. Students whose agencies of transit is non low-cost have to travel to school on nutrient for long distance. At the same clip, the school conditions in distant co untries are normally much worse than those in the urban countries. With no longer tolerance to this regular state of affairs, most hapless pupils choose to discontinue school ( as cited in UNICEF, 2007 ) . Third, the study by UNICEF ( 2007 ) illustrates that cultural minorities largely live in rural countries, and they therefore do non truly mean to remain in school since survey can assist them with about nil. Therefore, dropout would be their better manner. In add-on, the same pilot survey by VSO ( 2006 ) besides identifies four factors from demand-side as the grounds why pupils drop out of schools, viz. demand for kids to work, deficiency of personal resources, deficiency of assurance, and unwellness. Need for kids to work to back up their household is largely inevitable for hapless kids in Cambodia. The determination states that around 25 % are required to assist their households with any necessary plants. The study adds, â€Å" in these state of affairss, school is frequently an excess load. Children become exhausted and therefore unable to concentrate on their survey † ( VSO, 2006, p. 16 ) . Consequently, this difficult work may forestall them from traveling to school. In add-on, guaranting adequate resources for their survey is besides the issue. â€Å" Similarly, 12.5 % of the interviewed kids [ n=32 ] in Kampot state are found unable to afford books or pens, so they can non take portion in lessons. Even though this ground is non given as a chief ground for dropping out, but it is at least in concurrence with other grounds † ( VSO, 2006, p. 17 ) . VSO ( 2006 ) adds that deficiency of assurance partially affects the pupils ‘ survey. 9 % of those kids dropped out as the consequence of their ain hapless public presentation in school. With deficiency of assurance in head, pupils are more likely to discontinue school. The account adds that, of those grounds, unwellness is another since, even though it is a rare instance, pupils are more likely to discontinue school when they are earnestly sick. Government ‘s Solutions To cover with this dropout issue, the Royal Government of Cambodia, with Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports as executive mechanism, needs to guarantee effectual execution for the undermentioned undertakings. UNICEF ( 2005 ) emphasizes that the MoEYS foremost needs to implement and vouch that all Kampuchean kids, particularly the hapless, are given equal chance to acquire choice instruction and to accomplish just entree to instruction. Second, the MoEYS besides needs to endeavor to supply more chances for vulnerable groups to acquire mine old ages of basic instruction. To accomplish these two chief aims, the MoEYS has outlined some of import, relevant schemes in ESP/ESSP. These include abolishment of the cost barrier to basic instruction and other illegal Acts of the Apostless by agencies of first doing enrolment run effectual ; 2nd providing to the demand and scholarship for secondary instruction, chiefly for those hapless and vulnerable kids ; 3rd extinguishing uncomplete prima ry schools by constructing extra schoolrooms and more lower secondary schools in underserved countries ; four turn outing school operational budget ; 5th cut downing repeat and drop-out chiefly in Grade 1 to 6 ; 6th supplying more chances for kids out of school to re-entry ; 7th making plans for out-of-school young person to acquire equal instruction ; eighth spread outing literacy plans for grownup ; and eventually seeking to enroll instructors from remote and cultural minority country. In a more elaborate account by EFA ( 2003 ) , to cover with these issues, the Royal Government of Cambodia has introduced a figure of strategic programs, in which some are in the procedure of execution while some are the future programs. First, it was necessary for the Government to set up both â€Å" Poverty Reduction Strategic Plan ( PRSP ) and Socio Economic Development Plan ( SEDPII ) † since the Government believes that long-run EFA sustainability, particularly to help the hapless or other deprived pupils, will ne’er be ensured without these two programs ( EFA, 2003, p. 19 ) . In another broader context, about comprehensive instruction reform has to be implemented with thorough accent on following cardinal mileposts 2000/2002: â€Å" Design and execution of PAP for primary instruction, concentrating on cut downing cost load on the hapless and publicity of improved internal efficiency in early 2000. Formulation of preliminary instruction policy and strategic model, as portion of interim PRSP in mid-2000. MoEYS hosting of Government, givers and NGO seminars on international experiences of sector broad attack to education reform in mid/late 2000. Formal understanding to education partnership rules by MoEYS, givers, NGO advisory group in early 2001, alongside revival of donor instruction sector w0rking group. Joint reappraisal and assessment of ESP and ESSP, climaxing in joint ESSP assessment study and collaborative forward program and high degree instruction unit of ammunition tabular array in mid 2001. Design and execution of assorted mode instruction sector support plan and complementary capacity edifice aid plan by cardinal donor Alliess in early 2002. MoEYS and donors/NGO readying of poorness impact, sector public presentation, revised ESSP and donors/NGO study as portion of first ESSP public presentation reappraisal in late 2002. Formulation of preliminary PRSP and MTEF, pulling on the policy and strategic waies set out in the revised ESSP 2002/6 in late 2002 † ( EFA, 2003, pp. 19-20 ) . Decision With elaborate amplification in response to the above research inquiries, brief decision on dropout grounds in Cambodia basic instruction can been seen as an interconnected factors between both demand-side and supply-side, which need necessary solutions from the authorities. In supply-side factor, dropout is affected by five chief grounds, viz. unequal public outgo on primary instruction, high pupil-teacher ratio, uncomplete school substructure, low quality of instructors, and deficiency of school installations, which are largely the duties of the authorities. Likewise, demand-side factors are besides the instance, in which pupils necessarily face several challenges: poorness, geographics, ethnicity, demand for kids to work, deficiency of personal resources, deficiency of assurance, and unwellness. Of all the grounds from demand-side, poorness seems to be the most seeable ground in the pupils ‘ dropout. As can be see in the above literature reappraisals, their household ‘ s fiscal crisis is the most influential barrier which causes their late school entry and ignorance. With these challenges, pupils seem to hold less motive in their survey, and they therefore end up with dropping out of school. To manage this issue, the Royal Government of Cambodia should make four prioritized undertakings: equalising basic educational entree to all pupils, supplying more chances to vulnerable groups, set uping Poverty Reduction Strategic Plan ( PRSP ) , and developing Socio Economic Development Plan ( SEDPII ) . With all the undertakings successfully accomplished, drop-out rate is expected to diminish consequently. How to cite Supply side factors of drop out for students, Essay examples

Environmental Management Hotels and Attractions †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Environmental Management for Hotels and Attractions. Answer: Introduction: There are existing alterations in the global environment that poses many challenges for accommodations and attractions for managers in the future. Environmental changes like climate, pollution and natural disasters effect individuals and for the managers of the hotel who looks after the challenges for accommodations and attractions. The managers of the hotels have to ensure that there is suitable climate and atmosphere around the hotels. The climatic changes also depend on the city or the region (Li, Huang and Goh 2015). However, there are ways to overcome these climatic obstacles for the betterment of the hotel, managers and visitors. Environmental and climatic changes are not social and economical. Extreme weather in the country is a drawback for both the managers as well as the individuals visiting that place. The changes of the environment refer to the disturbance of the environment that are caused by the influences of human and ecological processes. The major environmental change is the climate change. Climatic alterations affect the situation badly. The condition of the United States is battered by extreme weather. Effect of global warming intensifies extreme weather (Thi, Kumar. and Lin 2015). Such situation has been constant over the years. Due to global warming and extreme weather situation, it increased droughts, heat waves, floods and hurricanes. Such climatic changes in the environment affect the hotels that are situated on the beach. The climatic conditions are very significant for the management and attractions of the hotels. Climatic changes are considered to be one of the major environmental changes . The management of the hotels should look after the affects hampering the attraction of the hotels (Assaf, Josiassen and Agbola 2015). The record of hurricanes in the United States is quite high and therefore it will have an effect on the hotels. The hotels that are located on the beachside and not in the city get affected more as floods, hurricanes and draughts will first hit the ones on the beach. However, the climatic changes are not entirely dependent on human activities. The issue of the environmental changes is broad in scope and beyond the ability of human factors to resolve these problems. These can also be treated as natural disasters and they are not under the control of human beings as it cannot be stopped but can be reduced (Assaf, Josiassen and Agbola 2015). It is the duty of the hotel managers to keep the surroundings and facilities safe and impressive so that visitors come and go. These hotels on the beach are its attraction power towards its visitors. Since United S tates has extreme weather situations, hotels also have accommodation problems. When there is extreme monsoon, hotels will not able to provide the rooms that are by the beach since rains can cause trouble to the visitors, as there will be no shade. Therefore, the hotels have to set, arrange and manage its accommodations and attraction according to the climatic changes. Another environmental change that affects the attraction of hotels is pollution (Kseoglu, Ross and Okumus 2016). Air pollution is a reason for affecting such situation. Overloading of the atmosphere and of ocean waters with carbon results in air and water pollution. This will highly affect the hotels as a part of the accommodation is done is open air or in tents aside the beaches. Not every room is air conditioned and has enough facilities during the changing seasons. Excessive carbon content in the air results in extreme pollution and it naturally affects hotels and its accommodation (Molina-Azorn et al. 2015). Deforestation for agriculture, industrial activities and burning of fossil fuels have increased the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Due to these elements, the look and location of the hotels get disrupted and destroyed. This is one major reason why visitors refuse to go to these hotels located on the beachside. Burning of coal, gas, wood and oil is the reason for air pollution. Pollution is caused due to an environmental impact of the coal industry, smog and indoor air quality. Marine pollution, acid rain, UV exposure, groundwater pollution and oil spills (Willie et al. 2015). These are the reasons why the attractions of the hotels get affected. Deforestation affects the climate pattern of the country as well. Trees are grown to make the scenery look better. The solutions to these problems affecting the attractions and accommodation of the hotels can be by replacing the fossil fuels with proper renewable energy (Nicholls, Amelung and Student 2017). Process of reforestation should be implemented as it will be beneficial for the environment and surroundings of the hotels. Emissions from agriculture and industries must be decreased as it is harmful and affects the atmosphere of the attractions of the hotels. However, there are renewable energy infrastructure that included solar panels, energy storage and distribution systems that are widespread and efficient all the time. The problem related to this is that it cannot be applied quickly for preventing catastrophic climate disruption. Therefore, the manager must keep the climatic changes and other environmental changes in mind and implement solution to them accordingly for the benefit of the hotels (Wright and Nyberg 2017). Although climatic changes are not under the control of human beings as social and economic are. Therefore, global environment faces such challenges and hurdles for attraction and accommodation in the future (Chan et al. 2017). As concerned with the future climate of United States, it has been observed that threats of global warming can be reduced. Americans are generally pessimistic regarding the prospect of preventing the dangerous climate changes (Nicholls, Amelung and Student 2017). If global warming is caused by human beings, it can be reduced as human factors are involved. The commodities used in the hotels for attractions must be of proper and better quality since it is important to protect their business and amenities (Wright and Nyberg 2017). Hotels work to adjust on different ways for its benefit. They work on their menu to accommodate organic dinner options, food allergies and slashing prices that gets challenging at times. References: Assaf, A.G., Josiassen, A. and Agbola, F.W., 2015. Attracting international hotels: Locational factors that matter most. Tourism Management,47, pp.329-340. Chan, E.S., Hon, A.H., Okumus, F. and Chan, W., 2017. An empirical study of environmental practices and employee ecological behavior in the hotel industry.Journal of Hospitality Tourism Research,41(5), pp.585-608. Kseoglu, M.A., Ross, G. and Okumus, F., 2016. Competitive intelligence practices in hotels.International Journal of Hospitality Management,53, pp.161-172. Li, M., Fang, L., Huang, X. and Goh, C., 2015. A spatialtemporal analysis of hotels in urban tourism destination.International Journal of Hospitality Management,45, pp.34-43. Molina-Azorn, J.F., Tar, J.J., Pereira-Moliner, J., Lpez-Gamero, M.D. and Pertusa-Ortega, E.M., 2015. The effects of quality and environmental management on competitive advantage: A mixed methods study in the hotel industry.Tourism Management,50, pp.41-54. Nicholls, S., Amelung, B. and Student, J., 2017. Agent-based modeling: A powerful tool for tourism researchers.Journal of Travel Research,56(1), pp.3-15. Willie, P.A., Connor, D., Sole, J., Forgacs, G., Grieve, R. and Mueller, J., 2017. Human capital challenges in the hotel industry of Canada: finding innovative solutions.Worldwide Hospitality and Tourism Themes,9(4), pp.402-410. Wright, C. and Nyberg, D., 2017. An inconvenient truth: How organizations translate climate change into business as usual.Academy of Management Journal,60(5), pp.1633-1661.

Debate of standard living condition in Britain during the industrial revolution

Introduction The debate on the impacts of early industrialization and capitalism on the British working class’s standards of living has been going on for an unusually long time.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Debate of standard living condition in Britain during the industrial revolution specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Historians do not seem to agree whether in exchange for long working hours, in the factories, British workers living standards improved or worsened with some saying that gains were realized in real wages, improved life expectancy and better living conditions in the cities. What the historians find difficult to connect is the economic development realized during this period to improved living conditions for the common people. Economic and social historians have brought to focus issues that have elicited vigorous debate and calls for a complete understanding of economic and philosophica l concepts and greater originality in search of new information on the issues. Historians have used different approaches to determine the impacts of the industrial revolution on the living standards of common people. They have used qualitative evidence and quantitative series including economic, demographic, and anthropometric indicators which have been studied at the local, regional and national levels. Some have given attention to the material aspects of well being while others have studied and attached more significance to the quality of life. This as expected has yielded different verdicts, which have left the debate still raging, with no sign of consensus (Allen 21). Body Charles Feinstein is one such historian who has recently attempted to solve the riddle of impacts of the industrial revolution on the lives of British commoners and compiled his findings in the Journal of Economic History. He compiled the estimates of wages and the costs of living during and after the industri al revolution in order to get a fresh picture of the trends in real earnings during this time. In his study, Heinstein used a new index of average annual earnings created for a larger project on economic growth during this period covering all workers, both male and female, on the period between 1770 to 1880. Most of these estimates are extracted from well known compiled information series by writers most especially A. L. Bowley and G. H. Wood who had relatively secure foundations. At the first phase, (Feinstein 628) constructed a separate estimates of the male and female in Great Britain at decennial periods from 1771 to 1881. The totals were then classified by sectors or occupations and then classified into three categories of income earners: employers, self employed, salaried people and manual wage earners.Advertising Looking for term paper on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This were used to calculate the element f or weighing component wage series. Next, the author needed the absolute value of mean annual earnings in each sector per year which was taken from 1881 estimates from an earlier study. Annual estimates of the movement of earnings for more than 20 different industries representing 80% of all wage earners in the country in 1851 were compiled. Existing indices from Bowley and Wood studies were extended to 1770 and additional ones compiled for other sectors. These were compiled to calculate weekly earnings with an assumption of full employment. Then the annual index of nominal full-employment earnings for all wage earners was compiled and showed the changes in full-employment nominal wages for each sector and groups of workers and the movements between them. Feinstein, (635) constructed a new cost-of-living index to measure the changes in the prices of 12 kinds of foods together with prices for beer, coal, candles, clothing, footwear and rent. This new index used different expenditure s hares, and different base years to weight it. It also has improved price indicators for food, clothing, and rent which started a decade earlier in 1770. This index is again compared and contrasted with LW index, which is different from Feinstain’s in that they both use different procedures for weighing the indices and in expenditure shares from where the weights are obtained. (Feinstein 636) index also includes potatoes and oatmeal among other items, which are not included in the LW index which slow down the pace of decline in prices. In deriving the trend in real wages for manual workers in Great Britain, Feinstein, (640) brings together indices of full employment nominal earnings and the cost of living index. From the resulting graph, moderate rate of improvement in full-employment real earnings is shown. From this graph, the period of between 1780s and the end of Napoleonic Wars saw no increase in average real earnings and the nominal earnings were at par with the cost of living. From 1815 to late 1850s there was slow improvement in both the indices, but after this period, the average worker started to experience substantial and sustained increase in real wages. Feinstein concludes that there was a less than 30% of increase in real weekly earnings all factors considered for the 75 year period of the industrial revolution in Great Britain. Lindert and Williamson, (5) in their article further discusses this debate. They use nominal full-time wage series and the use of the living index to calculate the wage trends of the average, Great britain workers. They argue that real wages experienced a period of stagnation between 1770 to 1820.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Debate of standard living condition in Britain during the industrial revolution specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More During the period between 1820 and 1850, they continue to say that real wages nearly doubled which pro duced a large estimates of increase than any previous pessimistic studies. The authors also outline other more optimistic views of the standards of living for the workers between the period of 1780 and 1850, for example, discounting the claims that unemployment rates at the 1840s led to deteriorating standards of living for the working class. They argue that unemployment rates during this period that is commonly known as the ‘hungry forties’ was probably less than 9.4% in most difficult two years of the decade. On the employment of women and children, the claim that though they lack wide-ranging data on them, available evidence show that their wages were roughly in the same range with those of unskilled labouring men which they competed against as substitutes. They also attribute some of the increase in earnings for workers may be as a result of migration from the countryside to towns and from slow growing regions to faster growing regions. Their calculations of contrib ution of migration factors to increase in earnings showed a less than 3.6% was realised between the period of 1781 and 1851. The pessimists had argued that the industrial revolution led to a decline in life expectancy in the first half of the 19th century especially in cities where most of the industries were located. The authors agree with these claims, but say this could be true in Manchester and Liverpool and other industrial centres, but these are offset or more than offset by gains in life lengthening, in other cities and countryside. The pessimists had also claimed that quality of life of workers was ruined during this period by long, tedious working hours in the factories, changes in the traditional family roles, environmental pollution such as noise, filth, crime and crowding of urban slums. The authors contend that they could not find a measure to weigh the negative effects of industrialisation against the substantial gains in real wages they propagated. They, however, say that unskilled metal and cotton workers in the industrial center Manchester, earned an average of 41.4 pounds per week while a common labourer in agricultural East Anglia, a â€Å"healthy† place, earned an estimated 25.1 pounds a week. Also, they say that despite the claim that despite the higher costs of living in industrial centers, and the low quality of life therecompared to the agricultural regions, workers still continued to migrate to the growing cities. They conclude by saying that remarkable gains in standards of living were realized by the workers between 1781 and 1851.Advertising Looking for term paper on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More When factors such as occupational change, regional migration, a fairly small increase in unemployment, move to higher costs of living in industrial cities and industrial disamenities are taken into consideration there were substantial gains in living standards during the period. They say that this gains were 60% for farm labourers, over 80% for manual workers and more than 140% for all workers with the majority of them coming after 1820 (Allen 48). Economist Crafts, (141) has also contributed to the debate on the living standards of Britain’s working class during the industrial revolution. He estimates that British income per person based on the 1970 U. S. dollars increased from $400 in 1760 to 430 in 1800 and then rose to $500 in 1830 then a mega increase by $300 was experienced by1860. This followed centuries of rising and falling income levels. Slow growth according to Craft was reported between 1760 to 1830 after which the income levels rose substantially up to 1860 doubl ing the increase of real income per person during the period between 1760 and 1860. If this did not result to the lowest-income group of people being better off after the growth, then the share of income going to the lowest 65% of the population would have to had to fall by half which did not happen according to (Crafts 140). He says that 29% of the country’s total income went to the lowest 65% of the population in 1760 and in 1860 this share of percentage of the total income was at 25% meaning the lowest 65% of the population was relatively better off. The increase in average real income for the country for this group during this period was approximately 70%. Considering the increase in estimates for the real income, a mildly optimistic view is justified for the living standards of the working class for the century after 1760 according to (Crafts 143). His pessimist critics though cite the slow growth in a long time as a pessimistic conclusion. They give an example of the ea rly years of industrialization in the country between 1760 to 1830, and what it meant to the working class, did it make them worse off during this period. The growth of 0.3% annual y on real income per person is likely to have resulted into deteriorating conditions for workers. Craft, however, continues to say that real wage figures are for real wage rates not earnings. During the period around 1820, historians should remember that unemployment was especially high due to factors such as demobilization, agricultural dislocation and unpredicted drops in price levels, which according to Lindert and Williamson, (13) study rendered approximately 10% of the labor force out of work. Other years such as 1780 saw unprecedented high employment levels which together with the high unemployment years are enough to reduce the calculated rates of growth in real earnings to around 0.55 % per year for the period of 1780 to 1820, when the real increase had been 0.80% annually. These figures are consi stent with consumption. In the period between 1820 and 1850, wages were shares of national income and as an allocate of consumption in national output were relatively consistent. Crafts, (139) says that this meant real wages growth was rather similar to consumption growth. It is during the 1851 period that the economy gained a â€Å"normal† level of unemployment. If the real wage growth was added to this, then an estimate of about 1.2% annually that is close to the rate of consumption a real wage increase would have been realized. The comparison of national output growth and real wages growth Crafts, (142) say supports (Lindert and Williamson 18) procedure is that results in overestimates, in real wage growth, for the years between 1820 and 1850. In conclusion, (Crafts 144) say that the argument that overall wage growth was significantly less than the national output per head propagated by the pessimists is not the case. The slow growth of consumption by workers during the ea rly industrialization era was as a result of slow growth and not as a result of prolonged interval of stagnation in real wages behind the national output. Conclusion The period between 1760 and 1860 marked a transformation of England into a workshop of the world. There was technological progress, education and rising capital stock marked this period refered to as the Industrial revolution which historians say is the most critical period in history. However, historians do not seem to agree on whether this revolution resulted into improved standards of living for the British working class. Some argue that the conditions for these workers got worse due to things such as prolonged working hours and environmental pollution among others. Others, however, say that gains realized such increased real wages and improved life expectancy among others led to improved standards of living. Charles Feinstein is a representation of the pessimist writer who compiled the estimates for this period. Fur ther, he drew a new index of average annual earnings of the period using earlier information especially from A. L. Bowley and G. H. Wood. He concludes that there was a less than 30% of increase in real weekly earnings all factors considered for the 75 year period of the industrial revolution in Great Britain. Lindert and Williamson use nominal full-time wage series and the use of the living index to calculate the wage trends of the average, Great Britain workers. They represent optimists as their conclusions are that all factors put into consideration, there was a substantial increase in gains, in standards of living after 1820. Crafts are another optimist who suggests that significant gains were made in living standards putting in mind the substantial increase in real wage rates in the lowest 65% of the income who by 1860 had a share of 25% of the total national income. Economic historians are expanding the debate to look at the effects of the industrial revolution which could have had negative or positive impacts on the living standards of the people thereby offsetting the gains made. Works Cited Allen, Robert. Pessimism Preserved: Real Wages in the British Industrial Revolution. UK: Oxford University, 2007. Print. Crafts, N. F. R. English workers’ real wages during the industrial revolution: some remaining problems. The journal of economic history, 5.2 (1985), pp.139-144. Print. Feinstein, Charles. Pessimism perpetuated real wages and the standard of living in Britain during and after the industrial revolution. The journal of economic history, 13.7 (1998), pp.625-658. Print. Lindert, Peter and Jeffrey Williamson. English worker’s living standards during the industrial revolution: A new look. The economic history review, 8.5 (1983), pp.1- 25. Print. This term paper on Debate of standard living condition in Britain during the industrial revolution was written and submitted by user Wolver-dok to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Evaluate the reasons why the Ottoman army and navy were so s essays

Evaluate the reasons why the Ottoman army and navy were so s essays Evaluate the reasons why the Ottoman army and navy were so successful in the period 1451-1529 During the period 1451-1529, the Ottoman Empire flourished and the military was one great reason for and result of this development. The military were made up of two distinct groups, the Kapti Kullari forces and the local forces. Those in the Devshrime, who were not chosen for palace service or to cater the government, were forced to join the Janissaries who made up the core of the standing army. As these Janissaries had been trained as slaves from a young age, they gave loyal and disciplined support to the sultan, which further established the control of the sultan. The army was well equipped with clothing and armed with swords, bows, spears and later muskets. The slave forces also contained cavalry, armourers, artillerymen and wagon drivers. Secondly, the local forces were called upon in times of war and consisted mainly of cavalry, foot soldiers and raiders. The Sipahis (cavalry) of the local forces were feudal sipahis and were not supported by the state, but instead by the timar system. This meant that they were given land. The land was not owned by sipahis however; they were given the right to earn of it by the sultan. The sultan was repayed in loyal service as the sipahis worked for the government by collecting taxes and enforcing domestic law. It was this trust, loyalty and fairness exerted by each of the sultans, which was an extremely large contributor to the success of the military over this period of time. Each individual sultan brought their own particular input to the Ottoman army and navy in there respective reigns. Under Mehmed, the Ottoman military encountered its biggest test with the conquest of Constantinople. In 1453, Mehmed freshly crowned sultan, assembled ministers and assured them that the Ottoman Empire would never be safe until Constantinople was under their control. There was no strategic necessity for it&ap...

Divorce has different legal and social implications for the Divorce Essay

Divorce has different legal and social implications for the Divorce Arab and Muslim woman. Discuss, giving examples - Essay Example This paper critically discusses the legal and social implications of divorce for the Arab and Muslim woman with particular focus to examples in various Islamic countries. Firstly, there are a number of legal implications related to divorce in the Islamic societies particularly for women. Legally, although matters of marriage and divorce are largely governed by the Sharia law, the rules of Islamic divorce and consequently, its legal implications vary among various Islamic jurisprudence from one Muslim country to another due to different cultural traditions and practices. In most cases, the Islamic laws have always been largely seen to favor men in relation to their female counterparts in nearly all the Arab and Muslim countries. For instance, while Islam allows Muslim husbands to marry immediately after divorce, women are often required to observe a certain period of time (iddah) before they remarry or have any conjugal relations after divorce. An iddah is a period prescribed of about three months before the divorce becomes final. In most cases, the wife must remain in the home during this period to see whether a reconciliatory method of salvaging their marriage is achievable or if she is pregnant (Haddad et al 134). Another important implication of divorce for a woman in the Arab and Islamic world is the potential loss of custody of her children. For example, the legal system used in Tunisia only allows the woman to have the custody of children up to the ages of 7 for boys and 9 for girls after which the husband the custody reverts to the husband. Although the Arabic and Islamic laws do not make divorce acquiescently permissible, these laws perfectly well through its chapter-based hedges the sanctions of the practice with many defences. In the Suratul-Talaq for example, divorce is highlighted with a lot of positivity; this scripture teaches that when you divorce a woman, divorce them at their prescribed periods, and count accurately

Interpersonal Communication Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Interpersonal Communication - Assignment Example Practice makes perfect, doesn’t it? The seven challenges are listening carefully and more responsively; explaining conversational intent and tactful invitation of consent; clear and complete expression of oneself; translation of complaints and criticism into specific request and giving explanation to these requests; asking questions open ended and in a creative manner; expression of appreciation; and incorporating continuous learning approach to living (Conrad, 2014). This paper seeks to lay emphasis on the art of listening more carefully and responsively. A common resonance of late suggests that people should listen twice as much as they talk. Well, this demonstrates the realization of incorporating good listening skills in a conversation. Before expressing yourself, it is prudent to listen to other people’s views and opinions and understand their feelings too. Their views may contradict you opinion but acknowledging and approving or agreeing does not necessarily mean you are contented with them (Conrad,

Effective Leadership and Management in Nursing Essay - 1

Effective Leadership and Management in Nursing - Essay Example The proverb says: â€Å"A leader knows the way and a leader shows the way.† This describes what a leader should be. The methods of leadership differ as we come across different disciplines, but the ideals of leadership are similar everywhere. My personal view on leadership is that the leader should know the visions and goals of the group he or she is leading and know how to accomplish this goal utilizing the resources available. In my opinion, a leader is also a manager, as he has to manage his resources properly. A group without a charismatic leader is like a building without a strong foundation. It can collapse anytime. As mentioned above, there are several aspects of management in leadership. But management is only a part of leadership, and leadership has many other constituents in it. In a document by Thomas International Ltd (2008), it is written that leaders manage long-term goals and they are entitled to inspire their group. The leaders decide the targets and time-frames for the group. They must impart clearly what output is expected from their group and the methods and ideals that must be followed by the group members. Managers are to handle matters rather diplomatically, and they are assigned to manage the processes in producing the output that the leader has indicated. Their job is rather appointive or directive. Skills in concept making, public relations, and technology are expected from them. For example, in a company, its CEO is the leader and its HR manager is a person who manages processes in building the output set by the CEO. As for nursing, we have nursing stations in every hospital , and a nursing administrator will be present as a leader of other nursing personnel in order to provide sophisticated nursing services to the patients. A note from the Ethiopia Public Health Training Initiative by the Addis Ababa University defines leadership in nursing as follows:

Role Of Front Office In The Hotel Industry Tourism Essay

Role Of Front Office In The Hotel Industry Tourism Essay We often heard that front office play an important role in the hotel industry. The front office or can be known as the main nerve of the hotel is the first and the last sector that interact with a client. Front offices are typically called so because they are at the front or entrance hall of a business, giving customers an easy access to office workers. This vital section of the business can serve many purposes, depending on the company, and are frequently the best place to obtain any customer-related information. Front offices may have an entry desk staffed with a secretary or administrative worker. This main desk can offer assistance to incoming clients or customers, and can direct queries to correct personnel. On the other hand, all personnel in the department may be trained in customer assistance, since front office workers may have many duties, training all of them in customer service means that someone will almost always be available to help a guest. 1.1 Division of Front Office There are many part of division inside the front office department. All of this part of partition should duty their tasks and responsibility. Furthermore they should help each other so that the enrollment will complete with success and this will make the customer feels satisfy with the service and willingly to come again. The part of this department are Front Office Manager, Assistant Front Office Manager, Front Desk Representative, Night Auditor, Cashier, Reservationist and Telephone Operator. All departments play an important role to make the guest feel satisfy with our service. 1.1.1 Front Office Manager The basic duty of front office manager is to directly supervise the front desk, reservation, concierge and PABX. Hotel PABX system comes with a front desk management system either PC based or telephone operator console based which is used by operator to perform various tasks easily. Using this console, one can update, monitor room status like occupied, cleaned. It can be used to print out call details room wise, estimate telephone bills. Other duties of the front office manager are assisting in the training and cross-training of front office employees, prepares monthly reports, assists the rooms division manager in formulation and completion of front office policies and procedures. 1.1.2 Assistant Front Office Manager The assistant of front office manager is to control the operational activities of the hotel front desk within hotel procedure to provide the highest standard of courteous service while permitting acceptable profit levels. On the other hand, they have to ensure work is completed to include, shift closings, room deposits, refunds and rebates. They also have to prepare staffing schedules, complete payroll, and monitor labor expenses to budget figures and take personal responsibility for correcting customer service problems. 1.1.3 Front Desk Representative Hotel front desk clerks make room reservations, offer information and services to guests and receive payment for services. They are employed by hotels, motels and resorts. Hotel front desk clerks perform some or all of the following duties such as maintain an inventory of vacancies, reservations and room assignments, register arriving guests and assign rooms, answer enquiries regarding hotel services and registration by letter, by telephone and in person, provide information about services available in the community and respond to guest complaints and compile and check daily record sheets, guest accounts, receipts and vouchers using computerized or manual systems. 1.1.4 Night Auditor A night auditor works for a hotel or motel doing bookkeeping and often performing as the front desk agent as well. With the exception of for the smallest motels, most types and sizes of these businesses provide work for night auditors. These might be part-time positions, or the hotel may employ one full-time auditor and one part-time. Duties vary depending on the size of the capability, but the major focus of the job description is conduct end-of-day accounting duties. The job description for night auditors includes performing information entry on spreadsheets or in a file, and processing dissimilar types of computer accounting reports for the hotel and restaurant. They input reservations on a computer system and also update the occupied status of rooms as guests come and go. 1.1.5 Cashier The cashier has to uphold precise account balances for hotel operating cost and collect payment from guests. Hotel expenses contain room charges, abroad telephone calls, meals and laundry. They should be able to carry out foreign exchange, for example, converting foreign currencies and travelers cheques into local exchange, protect safe deposit boxes and resolve bill payments, expenses rapidly and correctly for guests who are checking out. 1.1.6 Reservationist A hotel reservations agent is an essential part of hotel operations. Guests get their first impression of the hotel service values at the time of reservation. Therefore, reservations agents must be courteous, well-informed and educational. The main duty of a reservations agent is to rent hotel rooms to potential guests. The agent must conquer any objections the guest has. Hotel managers provide rule so the agent will know precisely what to say if the guest resists the deal. This may come in the form of a script that must be insecurely followed. A reservationist is also someone who reserves events, tickets or makes travel preparations. Reservationists use customer-service skills to help people. The reservationist books events, tickets or arrangements online, by phone or in person. He produces customer confirmations and meets the customer ¿Ã‚ ½s needs to the best of his capability. Contacting customers when a termination is submitted is also the dependability of a reservationist. 1.1.7 Telephone Operator The supreme duty of a telephone operator is that of transferring calls from external the hotel to the suitable guest room. For security measurement, operators have to do this without giving out the room number of a hotel guest. The telephone operator may not often be face-to-face with guests of the hotel, but plays an important role on behalf of the hotel to the guest. For this situation, a friendly and polite tone of voice is all-important. The duties of the telephone operator include answers incoming calls, straight calls to guest room through the switchbox. 1.2 Organization Chart in Small Hotel, Mid Size Hotel and Large Hotel There are three main charts for front office division in hotel industry that is inside the small hotel, mid size hotel and the large hotel. 2.0 Conclusion Each department plays an important role in order to get a complete task to get the main thing that is the satisfaction of the customer. Sequentially to carry out its mission, worldwide and departmental goals and objectives, every company shall build a formal organization depicting different hierarchy of managing, supervision, and employee or the staff levels. All hotels mission is to make the hotel success by satisfying the customer need. If the hotels fail to do so, it means that they have failed everything. This is because we have to be humbled to the guest and respect the guest although they are wrong. The statement saying that  ¿Ã‚ ½guest will always be right ¿Ã‚ ½ is the rules showing that everything that the guest do and say, we have to give and take. The main department that is front office management has to play the important role as they are the one that will communicate with the guest from the guest check in until they will check out. Smile and greet the guest politely will make the guest feel happy and hoping that they will see us again. Question 2 Front office staffs must have certain skills to attract guests during the first impression. Write about Front Office staff skill in guest relations. 1.0 Introduction Impression and attitudes of the staffs are the most important things that the hotel should be aware when it comes to the customer satisfaction. They have to welcome the guest with a great smile and greet them politely as they are persons that will decide whether we deserve to have them in the hotel or opposite that. As been said by F.Howard in the Business Publications, Eye contact is the first thing theyre taught. The idea is to know a person before and after the guest opens the front door and enters the lobby. To do this, staff members have to be alert and aware of what is going on around them. What they are trained to do is recognize the people by providing eye contact and a smiling nod to let them know that theyve been known. To make a successful business in the hotel, all the staff and employee should take a few steps so that the circle of the chain inside the hotel is moving smoothly. 1.1 Meaning of the guest A guest is the person who buys room, meeting space, food and beverages or other service from the hotel. They are someone that who has certain needs and wants to be fulfilled and if the hotel cannot fulfill them, a competitor of the other hotel is the best choice of the guest to fulfill their satisfaction. A guest is someone who is in his or her mind, thinking that they are always right. We should never argue or match with a guest because if we do so, it ¿Ã‚ ½s like we ¿Ã‚ ½re giving the hotel to bankrupt. 1.2 Importance of Guest Relations According to L.F Dennis in the  ¿Ã‚ ½Rooms at The Inn: Front Office Operations and Administration ¿Ã‚ ½ book, in the clients mind, the character and competence of the entire hotel are reflected in the personality of the front office staff. The people of the front office may be the client ¿Ã‚ ½s first and last contact with the hotel. For the arriving guests, their behavior sets the tone for the entire stay. For departing clients, their final words create lasting impressions. It is the staff responsibility to create a sense of belonging. Clients must be made to feel as they are part of a family. The front desk staff must convey the impression that it is not there just to sell rooms, but rather to make the guest ¿Ã‚ ½s stay at the hotel as enjoyable as possible. 1.2.1 First Impression Personal appearance is the most obvious factor in influencing first impression. An individual ¿Ã‚ ½s appearance can communicate neatness, organization, pride and self-esteem. Eye contact and facial expressions also influence how people are perceived by others. A neat appearance, confidents, enthusiastic manner and a voice that convey warmth and sincerity are the most important tools of a front desk representative. 1.2.2 Personal Appearance Appearance is the function of sex and age. Regardless of the sex or age of a front desk representative, he or she will encounter certain biases in guests or others. For example, some people have the mistaken belief that older staff members are not  ¿Ã‚ ½up to date ¿Ã‚ ½ and others automatically assume that younger employees are inexperienced. A front desk representative, who dresses with authority, wears quality accessories and maintains a conservative appearance will produce a positive reaction in every client. 1.2.3 Communication Communication and understanding must also take place. Addresses guests will create the impression of respect and concern that the hotel has for its clients. A courteous staff member is a good listener as well as an efficient communicator. Asking questions indicates that the representative is interested in the client. Listening to the answers indicates personal respect and attention to the guest needs. 1.3 Dealing with Complaints Clients communicates their complaints not only to the front desk staff but also to coworkers, business associates and other guests. There are ways for dealing with clients who have complaints that are:  ¿Ã‚ ½ Never be defensive  ¿Ã‚ ½ Define the problem  ¿Ã‚ ½ Validate the clients feelings  ¿Ã‚ ½ Restate your understanding  ¿Ã‚ ½ Promise to take action  ¿Ã‚ ½ Follow Up 1.4 Preventing Complaints Complaints can often be avoided by properly educating guests about hotel policies and procedures. The most common complaint of hotel guests is related to credit card guarantees. Proper information can prevent misunderstandings and minimize complaints. On the other hand, the front office staff keep doing mistake, for example they will forget to key in the details of their guest and when the guest wants to check-in, they can ¿Ã‚ ½t do it because the guest name are not inside their check-in list. They have to always be alert every time when it comes toward related of the guest. 1.5 Effective Telephone Techniques The front office staff spends a great deal of its time on the telephone, communicating with people both inside and outside the hotel. Although some people have better speaking voices than others, verbal communication is an art that can be learned with practice. There are ways to develop an efficient, courteous telephone manner that are:  ¿Ã‚ ½ Be prepared  ¿Ã‚ ½ Answer promptly  ¿Ã‚ ½ Use proper identification  ¿Ã‚ ½ Speak directly into the telephone  ¿Ã‚ ½ Relax and be yourself  ¿Ã‚ ½ Ask questions  ¿Ã‚ ½ Listen carefully  ¿Ã‚ ½ Take notes if necessary  ¿Ã‚ ½ Use reflective phrases  ¿Ã‚ ½ Keep call holds to a minimum  ¿Ã‚ ½ End the call courteously 2.0 Conclusion The way to cooperate with customer is to love and the respect the customers. The ability to connect and build rapport with other people is a foundation life skill, and should be ideally, be actively developed from an early age. In business and in the workplace, on the domestic front and in our community lives, we all stand to promote from more effective communication skills. We crave for more fulfilling interpersonal relationships. The front office staffs should greet their customers with sincere and be patient with what the customer complaint because customer will always be right. Good communication is the lifeblood of the service industry and its important that your communication style reflects professionalism. To make the business or hotel success is to make the customer satisfy, listen to what they want. They will feel happy and think that they wanted to come again to your hotel.

Essay --

The Evolution of a Global Economy and Its Effects Relating to Wal-Mart Introduction The whole has been filled with many business challenges and market opportunities. As a result, there have been many changes in the overall turnover of the organization. This paper will focus on financial resources, operating, financial and equity return of the organization. International finance has been a major boost for businesses world over to grow and dominate their sectors. Those businesses that utilize this facility end up being a major success internationally. The use of international finance means that the businesses have more investments, cash flows and capital growth; this increases their chances of growth through investing in global markets. World financial institutions such as; world banks, world trade organizations, commercial banks have been responsible for funding business that have changed over to big businesses making volumes of sales throughout the world. I would like to make my discussion by using Wal-Mart as an example of what is happening in our world. For example, Thomas Friedman, in his book â€Å"The World is Flat†, says that if Wal-Mart were an individual business, it would rank as China’s eighth-biggest trading partner, ahead of Russia, Australia, and Canada. Wal-Mart is a perfect example of a business that has used world finance to retain sustained growth and development. This paper also focuses on world finance and how it has enabled Wal-Mart to grow beyond borders while still a gross profit, it also answers the question how government bodies affect financial decision-making. This paper studies Wal-Mart external business market and its influence on its strategic business contingency plan. Economically, Wal-Mart has enjoyed... ...art has joint ventures in China and several majority-owned subsidiaries. Wal-Mart’s majority-owned subsidiary in Mexico is Walmex. In Japan, Wal-Mart owns 100 percent of Seiyu as of 2008 (walmartstores.com) Wal-Mart also owns 51 percent of the Central American Retail Holding Company, more than 360 supermarkets and other stores in Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica. Global Impact In 1993, President Bill Clinton signed The North America Free Trade Agreement into law. The trade agreement eliminated all non-tariff barriers to agricultural trade and tariff rate quotas allowing Wal-Mart to import products and export jobs. This had a great financial impact on America. However after seeing the affects this agreement would have on our country, Congress expanded the North America Free Trade Agreement to include over thirty-one additional countries. Essay -- The Evolution of a Global Economy and Its Effects Relating to Wal-Mart Introduction The whole has been filled with many business challenges and market opportunities. As a result, there have been many changes in the overall turnover of the organization. This paper will focus on financial resources, operating, financial and equity return of the organization. International finance has been a major boost for businesses world over to grow and dominate their sectors. Those businesses that utilize this facility end up being a major success internationally. The use of international finance means that the businesses have more investments, cash flows and capital growth; this increases their chances of growth through investing in global markets. World financial institutions such as; world banks, world trade organizations, commercial banks have been responsible for funding business that have changed over to big businesses making volumes of sales throughout the world. I would like to make my discussion by using Wal-Mart as an example of what is happening in our world. For example, Thomas Friedman, in his book â€Å"The World is Flat†, says that if Wal-Mart were an individual business, it would rank as China’s eighth-biggest trading partner, ahead of Russia, Australia, and Canada. Wal-Mart is a perfect example of a business that has used world finance to retain sustained growth and development. This paper also focuses on world finance and how it has enabled Wal-Mart to grow beyond borders while still a gross profit, it also answers the question how government bodies affect financial decision-making. This paper studies Wal-Mart external business market and its influence on its strategic business contingency plan. Economically, Wal-Mart has enjoyed... ...art has joint ventures in China and several majority-owned subsidiaries. Wal-Mart’s majority-owned subsidiary in Mexico is Walmex. In Japan, Wal-Mart owns 100 percent of Seiyu as of 2008 (walmartstores.com) Wal-Mart also owns 51 percent of the Central American Retail Holding Company, more than 360 supermarkets and other stores in Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica. Global Impact In 1993, President Bill Clinton signed The North America Free Trade Agreement into law. The trade agreement eliminated all non-tariff barriers to agricultural trade and tariff rate quotas allowing Wal-Mart to import products and export jobs. This had a great financial impact on America. However after seeing the affects this agreement would have on our country, Congress expanded the North America Free Trade Agreement to include over thirty-one additional countries.

Othello and Crescent Essay

Introduction Present essay provides a comparative analysis of Shakespeare’s Othello and Abu-Jaber’s Crescent in terms of locating similar and opposite themes. The theme that was chosen is representation of Arabness as social, individual and cultural category. There is no denying the importance of the fact that both works depict the fate of Arab people in Western civilization, including Western attitudes to them, their own perception of Western way of life and traditions and their relations with other people. Moreover, both works serve as the instruments for revealing negative contours of Western societies, including racist prejudices, which is especially evident in Othello. Based on the latter reservations, present essay defends the thesis, which may be formulated as follows: Shakespeare’s Othello and Abu-Jaber’s Crescent have much in common due to the fact that beneath recurrent symbols and themes, such as love, betrayal etc. lies the central theme of Arabness, reflected through the prism of civilizations’ interchange, conflict and contradiction. The comparative analysis of Othello and Crescent Both Othello and Crescent have Arab people, found themselves in certain roles within Western civilization, as their main protagonists. The conflict between them and Western civilization takes place on different thematic levels, explained by the difference in plots and historical surrounding. Sirine, the main protagonist of Cresent, is a chef at Lebanese restaurant in Los Angeles with Middle-Eastern cuisine. Her surrounding consists of the Arab people, many of whom were exiled or emigrated from Iraq due to political repressions. Sirine’s Arabness is constituted by her sentimental intimacy to Iraqi uncle and a great interest in Iraqi history, culture and Muslim traditions in general. Notwithstanding the fact, that Sirine is successful in America, she is rather lonely and still feels herself an immigrant, living in alien and unfriendly culture. The latter feeling of loneliness is well described by the friend of Sirine, called Um-Nadia: â€Å"The loneliness of the Arab is a terrible thing; it is all-consuming†¦. it threatens to swallow him whole when he leaves his own country, even though he marries and travels and talks to friends twenty-four hours a day. † (Abu Jaber,78) Hence, it is important to note that Sirine’s Arabness and conflicting status within Western civilization are not constituted in direct terms and notions, bearing on direct political connotations. As Nouri Gana rightly suggests about Abu Jaber’s novel, ‘perhaps one of the most glowing virtues of the novel is that it awakens the political in the reader by craftily staging how it bears on the individual and communal on a day-to-day basis’ (Gana, 237). The same may be said about Shakespeare’s Othello, where Arabness is also not addressed directly, but essentially mediated through thematic, symbolical and cultural discourses. Unlike Crescent’s where the contradiction between cultures and civilization is depicted as the difficulty of adaptation, assimilation and longing for native country, Arabness in Othello is constituted mainly in racist terms. However, the latter racism should also be understood as the instruments by means of which Shakespeare debunks aggressive, brutal, coward character of such members of Western civilization as Iago. The Arabness of Othello is initially constituted through the mechanism of exoticization, when he is named not by name, but as ‘Moor’ and ‘extravagant stranger’, which immediately creates mental border between civilizations. (Othello 1. 1. 58 and 1. 1. 37). Here, the direct distinction in representing Arabness may be traced at the narrative level of Crescent. Unlike Othello, Hanif Al Eyad, who is an exiled Iraqi professor, does not experience direct racial prejudices, but problems of adapting to American society. What is more important, he has significant problem of integrating in Arab American community, which is already assimilated into the wider American culture. In fact, Hanif finds himself in a difficult position of finding new contours of his Arabness, as he meets with new conditions of its existence in the American society. In the same vein, Sirine reconfigures her identity, when she starts working at Arab restaurant. Her lost Arab roots come to existence, when she delves into her parents, ’old recipes and to begin cooking â€Å"the favorite—but almost forgotten—dishes of her childhood† (Abu Jaber, 22). Finally, when Hanif and Sirine meet, they are engaged in cultural interchange – Sirine educates him about American and Hanif opens the culture of Iraq and the Arab world to Sirine. In this way, the Arabness is constituted in the contradictory multicultural way, when it becomes a mixture of American way of life, its contradictions, immigrants’ culture and post-9/11 ‘anti-Muslim syndrome’, negatively experienced by Arab people, living in the US. Therefore, the Arabness in Crescent and Othello are constituted in distinctively different ways. Othello’s racial and cultural difference is the main source of legitimization for brutal behavior of Roderigo, Iago and others, who oppose the relationships between Othello and Desdemona. In fact, Desdemona is the only protagonist, which opposes particularization of cultural differences and represents universality of human relationships. She sees in Othello neither Arab, nor exotic man, but a man, whom she loves. The narration in Othello is abundant with racial prejudices, which function as the markers of Arabness. At the outset of the play, Iago wakes Brabantio up and tells him that â€Å"an old black ram / Is tupping your white ewe† (1. 1. 89-90), referring to Othello. The relations between Othello and Desdemona are also presented by Iago through racist discourse, â€Å"your daughter covered with a Barbary horse† (1. 1. 112), and reminds Brabantio of genetic consequences for his family, â€Å"you’ll have your nephews neigh to you,† (1. 1. 112-18). Other features of Othello’s Arabness are reproduced mainly through the depiction of his temperament and here we find Shakespeare’s critical edge, which uses then dominant racial prejudices of English aristocracy to depict their defected nature. Othello is depicted by Shakespeare as lacking Western (Iago-type) ‘virtues’ as cunningness, meanness, egoism, rationality, calculation, but endows him with trustful, kind, energetic temperament. The latter positive constitution of Arabness serves as the critique of Western society deficiencies and problems. Eventually, such features of Arabness result in tragic ending of Shakespeare’s play (Bartels, 458). Othello as Abu-Jader’s protagonists also seems lonely in the Western world, where all are against him. Pain of loss, exile and loneliness, however, is presented in Crescent in more sentimental quotidian way. For instance, it is evident when Sirine’s Iraqi uncle asks the Italian waiter in a restaurant: â€Å"Wouldn’t you say that immigrants are sadder than other people? † To which the latter responds, â€Å"When we leave our home we fall in love with our sadness. † (Abu-Jaber, 78). Another important theme, which runs through Abu-Jaber’s novel is difficulty of being Arab. This idea is mainly propagated by Sirine’s uncle and defended through telling mythical stories from Arab history, depicting the suffering of Arab people. The difficulty of being Arab is also presented at the level of racialized and politicized metaphors, which represent Arabness in Western world and in fact distort real culture of Arab people. In this way, Arabness is constituted as the ideological category, which has nothing to do with real life of Arab people (Gana, 241). The latter contradiction may be traced in Othello, when in fact our vision of the main protagonist is constituted by Oriental discourse. One of the major differences pertinent to the analyzed works is general narrative tone in which the latter discussed contradictions are presented. The contradictions of being Arab in the Western world in Cresent are presented through the depiction of Arab community daily life. The experience of Sirine and Hanif is characterized by sentimental feelings, loneliness, psychological trauma etc. The conflict between cultures and civilizations is presented as the quotidian difficulties of communication, adaptation and active life. The romantic ties which united Sirine and Hanif may be described as the part of sentimental representation of Arabness in Abu-Jabar’s novel. However, as it was noted above, even such approach to narration reveals much of the tensions and contradictions, experienced by immigrant Arabs. Unlike Crescent, Othello represents the evidence of contradictions between Western and Eastern civilization, which results in tragic implications for the destiny of individual people. Racial prejudices against Othello function as the legitimization of Iago’s plot against him. The differences between temperament and culture of Othello and his latent rivals, hence, should be understood as the main driving force of Shakespeare’s tragedy. Conclusion To sum it up, Arabness may be described as the central theme in both Shakespeare’s and Abu-Jaber’s works. It is represented on the level of human relations and is not directly interpreted in political manner, however, certain ideological and political interpretations may be found. Racial prejudices in Othello serve as a tool for debunking negative features of Western civilization and human/universal features, reflected in Othello’s temperament. In Crescent, the Arabness is presented through the prism of immigrants’ difficulty of adaptation, permanent feeling of pain, loneliness and lack of identity. In this way, the discussed theme has both similarities and difference in the discussed novels, explained by their distinct genres, historical and cultural surrounding. Works Cited Abu-Jaber, Diana. Crescent. New York: Norton, 2003. Bartels, E. C. ‘Making More of the Moor: Aaron, Othello, and Renaissance Refashioning of Race’. Shakespeare Quarterly vol. 41: 454, 1990. Gana, Nouri. ‘In Search of Andalusia: reconfiguring Arabness in Diana Abu-Jaber’s Crescent’. Comparative Literature Studies. Vol. 45, no. 2, 2008. The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA. Shakespeare, W. Othello. The Complete Works of Shakespeare, ed. David Bevington, 3d edition. Glenview, IL: Scott, Foresman, 1980.

Usage Mistakes #1

Usage Mistakes #1 Usage Mistakes #1 Usage Mistakes #1 By Mark Nichol The sentences below illustrate various types of mistakes in wording born from (not â€Å"borne out of†) ignorance or carelessness. 1. All the progress we have made to educate people about the hazards of smoking may be for not. The writer, perhaps unfamiliar with the term naught, assumed that the last word of the sentence is intended to denote negation rather than futility: â€Å"All the progress we have made to educate people about the hazards of smoking may be for naught.† 2. President Obama traveled to Cuba for a historical visit. A historical visit is one that occurs in history, though one should not refer to a visit this way; historical is superfluous. The writer meant to state that the visit is historic; that word means â€Å"of significance to history† (though it sometimes refers simply to something established or existing from the past): â€Å"President Obama traveled to Cuba for a historic visit.† (But shouldn’t it be â€Å"an historic visit†? No, because the correct pronunciation of historic is to sound the h, though many people, including me, believe it is easier to use an and treat the first letter of the following word as silent.) 3. His speech was a load of dribble. Some people seem to think that references such as the one here are to someone’s writing or utterance being worth no more than drool, but the correct word for foolish or silly talk (which can refer to slavering but is etymologically unrelated) is drivel: â€Å"His speech was a load of drivel.† 4. The list is virtually a whose-who of prominent community members. The pronoun whose has no place in this sentence. The phrase â€Å"who’s who† (the contraction is of â€Å"who is†) refers to a roster of notable people or things or summaries about them, or to such a group collectively: â€Å"The list is virtually a who’s who of prominent community members.† This usage- without a connecting hyphen- stems from publications with titles modeled on the phrase, such as Who’s Who in American Art. 5. Where does the US Jewish population predominately live? Predominate is a verb; the correct adjectival and adverbial forms are predominant and predominantly: â€Å"Where does the US Jewish population predominantly live?† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Common Mistakes category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Yours faithfully or Yours sincerely?When to Form a Plural with an Apostrophe40 Idioms with First

The Ladies Man essays

The Ladies Man essays Ooooo, itth a lady, is the typical response most female callers would get from The Ladies Man Leon Phelps as soon as their sweet voice enters his radio headset. Based on the excessive use of sexual innuendo in his style of speech, Leon Phelps a.k.a. The Ladies Man, only solidifies the fact that he truly is a fun loving, care-free swinger that enjoys nothing more than a good one night stand. Leon expresses his sexual views and vocabulary mostly on his radio show and regardless of constant warnings and fines, he continues to stretch his freedom of speech to their furthest limits. He seems to perceive the women that he sleeps with to be victories, as if the concept of sex is a game to him. His constant referrals to his female flings as ,Sweet thang, and his never-ending quest to sleep with as many women as possible only reiterates that fact that he is a man-whore, and whats more, he is proud of it. First of all, Leons lisp is the most notable trademark relating to his style of speaking. Every S that passes through his lips is transformed to a th sound, adding humor to his already hilarious one liners. I have noticed that many people who have speech impediments have lower self-esteem, or are on the shy side. Leon is as far from that generalization as possible. Unconsciously, that is a turn on for the ladies; seeing a guy that has confidence in himself even with an impediment that hinders many others. Secondly, The Ladies Man is undoubtedly one of the funniest SNL characters to make a movie. For example, he thinks he is incredibly smooth with the ladies, when in reality, his pickup lines and comments are extremely corny. All that matters is that the ladies buy it. During the opening scene in Lesters Bar, Leon imagines himself whispering sweet things into a certain ladies ear. Leon approaches her, offers a light to her cigarette, leans i...